Eco Hvar

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Nakon više godina promatranja, Udruga Eco Hvar je zaključila da je program suzbijanja komaraca, kako se provodi na Hvaru i u drugim djelovima Hrvatske, nepotreban, uzaludan i rizičan.

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

DEZINSEKCIJA NA HVARU 2017.god.

Iz Općine Jelsa: "Program dezinsekcije kao mjere zaštite pučanstva od zaraznih bolesti provodi se kako bi se suzbila ličinka komaraca te uklonili uvjeti za razvoj i razmnožavanje, a time smanjila šteta za okoliš i zdravlje ljudi." (e-mail, 11.08.2017.)

ZAŠTO SMO ZABRINUTI

Zarazne bolesti od komaraca kao što su Denga i Zapadnonilska groznica se vrlo rijetko pojave u Hrvatskoj1,2,3,4,. Međutim akcije zamagljivanja protiv komaraca su provođene u tri navrata kroz turističku sezonu, i to na neodgovoran način.

Najme:

i) za zamagljivanje se prskaju opasni otrovi po cijelom okolisu;

ii) moguće opasne nuspojave tih otrova nisu objavljena, čak su zanemarena;

iii) nije korišten bilo koji ekološki prihvatljiv način za suzbijanje štetnike;

iv) edukacija u vezi kontrole štetnike nije provedena;

v) upozorenja o akcijama nisu adekvatna;

vi) rute vozila sa termozamagljivanjem nisu objavljene;

vii) usprkos redovnog zamagljivanja, ima svake godine sve više komaraca, jer stvara se otpornost komaraca na korišćena sredstva5,6,7; izgleda da nitko na lokalnoj ni na državnoj razini ne vodi računa o efikasnosti i mogućim štetnim efektima tog prskanja

viii) na lokalnoj razini, nije jasno da li je program dezinsekcije pod strogim nadzorom, kako bi trebao biti;

DETALJNIJE O OTROVIMA (Za vidjeti više detalja o otrovima korištenim na Hvaru, uz njihove moguće nuspojave, kliknite ovdje)

2012., godine dezinsekcija na Hvaru obavljena je koristeći dva insekticida, permetrin i cipermetrin u kombinaciji (2 piretroida); 2014., u Općini Jelsa je korišten Permex 22E (aktivne tvari Permetrin i Tetrametrin uz sinergist Piperonil butosid); 2015, Microfly (Cipermetrin), i Twenty-one (Azametipos = organofosfat) su korišteni protiv muha; Permex 22E je korišten za zamagljivanje protiv komaraca; a 2017., za zamagljivanje su korišteni oko Grada Hvara, Starog Grada i Jelse: Cipex (Cipermetrin), i Permex 22E (Permetrin, Tetrametrin uz Piperonil butoksid); Microfly (Cipermetrin) i Muhomor (Azametipos) su korišteni protiv muha.

Piretroidi8 su opasni otrovi 9,10,11. Svaki od spomenutih insekticida je opasan sam po sebi, ne samo za insekte nego i za druga živa bića.

SREDSTVA KOJA SU KORIŠTENA U OPČINI JELSA 2017.god.

Akcije zamagljivanja u Općini Jelsa u 2017. su obavljene u srpnju, kolovozu i rujnu 2017.god.

Permex 22E- aktivne tvari Permetrin u kombinaciji sa Tetrametrinom, dakle dva piretroida. Permetrin18,19 dolazi u mnogim oblicima, od kojih su neki otrovniji od drugih. Visoko je toksičan za pčele, organizme iz mora, ribe20 i druge životinje iz divljine21. Također je otrovan za mačke22. Mogući utjecaji na ljude se smatraju manje dramatičnima od onih Cipermetrina, ali može utjecati na neurološki sustav23,24, te imunološkii i endokrini sustav. Može osobito loše djelovati na djecu, i Američka Environmental Protection Agency 2006.god. je ga procjenjila potencijalno kancerogenim25. S obzirom na štetan utjecaj na život u vodi, piretroidi se ne bi trebali koristiti blizu vodenih izvora. Permetrin se ne bi trebalo primjenjivati ondje gdje životinje tragaju za hranom.

EPA-in registracijski dokument za Tetrametrin (2010.)26 klasificirao je otrov kao potencijalno kancerogenim za ljude te ga je identificirao kao visoko toksičnim za pčele i vodene organizme, uključujući ribe i beskralješnjake. Može uzrokovati mantanje, teškoće s disanjem, kašalj, iritaciju oka, gastrointestinalne tegobe, mjehuriće i osip na koži. Dokument navodi: „Tetrametrin koriste vlasnici kuća individualno ili vlasnici industrijskog/komercijalnog postrojenja na pojedinačnim, izoliranim površinama i u malim količinama, a ne u širokoj uporabi (tj. u poljoprivredi ili pri smanjenu populacije komaraca od strane javne uprave27. Zbog ovog razloga nije testiran utjecaj Tetrametrina na pitku vodu. Tetrametrin se ne bi trebao koristiti na ili blizu namirnica27.

Sredstva korištena protiv muha u Općini Jelsa u 2017. godini:

Cipex - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin12 (piretroid). Cipermetrin je vrlo otrovan za mačke13, pčele, vodene insekte i ribe, a manje za ptice. Kod ljudi, trovanje cipermetrinom može uzrokovati utrnuće, žarenje, gubitak kontrole nad mjehurom, povraćanje, gubitak koordinacije, komu, iznenadne napadaje i (rijetko) smrt14,15,16. U Sjedninjenim Državama također se klasificira kao mogući uzrok raka17.

Microfly - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin.

Muhomor - aktivna tvar Azametipos28, koja nije na popisu dozvoljenih insekticida u Europskoj Uniji29,30. Upute navode da mora biti apliciran na ciljene površine, a ne prskan u zraku. Muhomor AZ, koji je korišten na Hvaru 2017.god., je insekticid topiv u vodi, namijenjen za suzbijanje muha u štalama za stoku, kao što su goveda, konji, svinje, telad, te perad (kokoši), i se koristi uglavnom u zatvorenim prostorijama31.

Moguće posljedice i rizici takve kombinacije otrova u okolišu su potpuno nepoznati.

DEZINSEKCIJA U GRADU HVARU 2017.god.

Po Programu mjera obvezatne preventivne dezinfekcije, dezinsekcije i deratizacije na području Grada Hvara u 2017. godini, insekticidi koji se koriste za ULV zamagljivanje (hladni i topli postupak) su piretroidi: Cipermetrin, Deltametrin32, D-Fenotrin33, Permetrin i Resmetrin34 (tablica 2, str.9). Od 5 otrova, 3 nisu više na popisu registirarnih insekticida Europske Unije.

Fenotrin je posebno toksičan za mačke35, za pčele36 i za vodene organizme37.

Resmetrin je posebno toksičan za ribe, i pčele, te opasan za ljude38. Od 2015.godine nije više na prodaji u SAD-u39.

PČELE. Svi spomenuti otrovi su toksični za pčele. Već 1998.godine Permetrin, d-Fenotrin i Resmetrin su bili na popisu insekticida koji su posebno toksični za pčele, i neko vrijeme poslije aplikacije40.

DETALJNIJE O UPOZORENJIMA I OBAVIJESTIMA. Govorimo ovdje o vrlo opasnim sredstvima, a upozorenja su minimalna: u Općini Jelsa obavijest je u obliku pisma sa strane firme koja provodi zamaglivanje. To pismo se stavlja na općinskim oglasnim pločama. Stari Grad objavi termin akcija na službenom portalu. Ništa po javnim medijama, ništa preko Turističkih zajednica. Pčelari nisu posebno obavješteni, iako mogu biti teško ugroženi. A obavijesti nisu na niti jednom stranom jeziku, iako su te akcije u špici sezone.

Mještani i gosti imaju pravo biti informirani u potpunosti o programu i terminima akcija. Potrebna je javna objava: popis sredstava s kojima se provodi dezinsekcija; detaljnja ruta gdje će se provoditi; način provođenja dezinsekcije; te točni termini provođenja dezinsekcije.

Lokalne vlasti koje naručuju akcije dezinsekcije su dužne obavijestiti građane i gosti preko svih mogućih kanala, i to u svim odgovarajućim jezicima.

ZAKLJUČCI.

Dezinsekcija u obliku zamagljivanja kako se provodi na Hvaru već niz godina je potencijalno opasna za ljudsko zdravlje, te za životinje, ptice, neciljane insekte i okoliš.

Ta dezinsekcija nikako ne postiže svoj cilj.

Način provođenja programa nije transparentan, te nije prihvatljiv.

MI PREPORUĆUJEMO:

s obzirom da rizici zaraznih bolesti su vrlo mali u Hrvatskoj, a rizici prskanja javnih površina otrovima su puno veći, da se hitno zaustavi program ljetne dezinsekcije otrovima na način kao do sada, i istraži bolje metode za suzbijanje neželjenih insekata, kao što je u Pravilniku o načinu obvezatne DDD i predviđeno.

Napomena: Za više detalja o pesticidima korištenim na Hvaru i u Hrvatskoj, vidjeti: Pesticidni proizvodi u Hrvatskoj, Pesticidi, njihove moguće nuspojave i status odobrenja, i Pesticidi, zakoni i dozvole.
 
© Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), 2017,, ažuriran 2021.
Prijevod: Ivana Župan

IZVORI

1. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Đuričić, S., Betica-Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., Avšić-Županc, T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Šarac, K., Benić, N., Mlinarić-Galinović, G. 2011. Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August–September 2010. Eurosurveillance, 16 (9).

2. Pem-Novosel, I., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Gjenero-Margan, I., Kaic, B., Babic-Erceg, A., Merdic, E., Medic, A., Ljubic, M., Pahor, D., Erceg, M. 2015. Dengue virus infection in Croatia: seroprevalence and entomological study. New Microbiologica, 38, 97-100.

3. Barbić L, Listeš E, Katić S, Stevanović V, Madić J, Starešina V, Labrović A, Di Gennaro A, Savini G. 2012. Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Veterinary Microbiology. 159(3-4):504-8.

4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (Provides regular updates on the spread of communicable diseases in Europe)

5. Weill, M., Lutfalla, G., Mogensen, K., Chandre, F., Berthomieu, A., Berticat, C., Pasteur, N., Philips, A., Fort, P., Raymond, M. 2003. Comparative genomics: Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Nature 423: 136-137 (8 May 2003)

6. Owusu, H. F. Jančáryová, D., Malone, D., Müller, P.. 2015. Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology? Parasites and Vectors 8: 357

7. Aguirre-Obando, O. A., Pietrobon, A. J.. DallaBona, A. C., Navarro-Silva, M. A. 2015. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:1 94-100 (January–March 2016)

8. EPA Information Sheet. 2016. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. (information on the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids as insecticides, the current reevaluation of this group of pesticides in registration review, and previous assessments, decisions, and risk mitigation efforts.)

9. Beyond Pesticides. 2001. chemicalWATCH factsheet: Synthetic Pyrethroids.

10. Walters, J.K., Boswell, L.E., Green, M.K., Heumann, M.A., Karam, L.E., Morrissey, B.F., Waltz, J.E. 2009. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Illnesses in the Pacific Northwest: A Five-Year Review. Public Health Reports 124 (1): 149-159

11. Ingram E.M., Augustin, J., Ellis, M.D., Siegfried, B.D. 2015. Evaluating sub-lethal effects of orchard-applied pyrethroids using video-tracking software to quantify honey bee behaviors. Chemosphere 135: 272-277

12. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network (U.S.National Library of Medicine). Cypermethrin.

13. PARASITIPEDIA.net. updated 2017. CYPERMETHRIN, safety summary for veterinary use.

14. Cornell University, (Extoxnet). 1993. Pesticide Information profile: Cypermethrin.

15. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2005. Cypermethrin.

16. Aggarwal, P., Jamshed, N., Ekka, M., Imran A. 2015. Suicidal poisoning with cypermethrin: A clinical dilemma in the emergency department. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 8:2 123-125.

17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. 2016. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Annual Cancer Report.

18. World Health Organization. 2006. "International Program on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 92: Permethrin."

19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "TRI Explorer: Providing Access to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Data."

20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2009. Permethrin Facts.

21. Hoffmann, M., Meléndez, J.L., Ruhman, M.A., 2008. Risks of Permethrin Use to the Federally Threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis), and the Federally Endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), and San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia). Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460

22. International Cat Care. Permethrin Poisoning in Cats.

23. U.S. Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR). 2003. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids."

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin."

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Permethrin & Resmethrin (Pyrethroids), Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health. TEACH Chemical summary.

26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008, revised 2010. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Tetramethrin.

27. Thoreby, E. (author), Williams, M.M. (editor), Lah, K. (updater) 2011. Tetramethrin. Toxipedia.

28. Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Azamethiphos. Scottish Pollutant Release Directory.

29. University of Hertfordshire. Azamethiphos. Veterinary Substances Database.

30. Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Europe. 2006. What substances are banned and authorized in the EU market?

31. Muhomor. 2017.  Muhomot je insekticid topiv u vodi. Djelatna tvar: Azametifos u koncentraciji 10%. Genera, Jedna komapnija za Jedno zdravlje.

32. PubChem, Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Deltamethrin.

33. PubChem, Open chemistry Database. 2017. D-Phenothrin.

34. US EPA Archive Document. 2007. Permethrin and Resmethrin (Pyrethroids). TEACH Chemical Summary.

35. Parasitipedia. 2017. Phenothrin: safety summary for veterinary use.

36. US EPA. 2008. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for d-Phenothrin.

37. WHO/FAO 1994. d-Phenothrin. WHO/FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides no.85.

38. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Resmethrin.

39. US EPA. 2011. Permethrin, Resmethrin, d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin®): Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control.

40. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities. 1998. Protecting honey bees from pesticides.

na vrh članka
Nalazite se ovdje: Home vaša pisma Opasni otrovi! Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Eco Environment News feeds

  • ‘When the forests burn, the sickness comes’: how protecting trees shields millions from disease

    Preserving the Amazonian rainforest keeps communities safe from the health risks of wildfires and deforestation, research has found

    For Bolivian park ranger Marcos Uzquiano, the fallout from wildfires in the Amazon goes far beyond the damage they do to wildlife and biodiversity. “It’s devastating – it undermines all the functions and benefits that forests provide to Indigenous communities. They affect the air we breathe and cause respiratory infections, eye irritation and throat inflammation,” he says.

    Uzquiano’s experience at Beni Biosphere Reserve is reflected in new research which suggests that preserving Amazonian forests helps to protect millions from disease. Analysing 20 years of data on 27 diseases – including malaria, Chagas disease and hantavirus – researchers found that municipalities in the Amazon biome near healthy forests on Indigenous lands across eight countries faced a lower risk of disease.

    Continue reading...

  • ‘Like walking through time’: as glaciers retreat, new worlds are being created in their wake

    As Swiss glaciers melt at an ever-faster rate, new species move in and flourish, but entire ecosystems and an alpine culture can be lost

    • Photographs by Nicholas JR White

    From the slopes behind the village of Ernen, it is possible to see the gouge where the Fiesch glacier once tumbled towards the valley in the Bernese Alps. The curved finger of ice, rumpled like tissue, cuts between high buttresses of granite and gneiss. Now it has melted out of sight.

    People here once feared the monstrous ice streams, describing them as devils, but now they dread their disappearance. Like other glaciers in the Alps and globally, the Fiesch is melting at ever-increasing rates. More than ice is lost when the giants disappear: cultures, societies and entire ecosystems are braided around the glaciers.

    The Aletsch glacier viewed from Moosfluh, looking towards the Olmenhorn and Eggishorn peaks

    Continue reading...

  • Trump-supporting billionaire prevented from filling lake on UK estate during drought

    Blackstone founder Stephen Schwarzman acted legally, but residents complained to Southern Water

    A Donald Trump-backing billionaire has been stopped from transporting water in tankers to fill a lake on his Wiltshire estate during a drought.

    Southern Water has told tanker companies to cease delivering water to Stephen Schwarzman’s 2,500-acre estate after local residents filmed vehicles going day and night to its grounds.

    Continue reading...

  • ‘Extreme nausea’: Are EVs causing car sickness – and what can be done?

    Phil Bellamy’s daughters refuse to ride in his electric car without travel sickness tablets. Are there other solutions?

    It was a year in to driving his daughter to school in his new electric vehicle that Phil Bellamy discovered she dreaded the 10-minute daily ride – it made her feel sick in a way no other car did.

    As the driver, Bellamy had no problems with the car but his teenage daughters struggled with sickness every time they entered the vehicle. Research has shown this is an issue – people who did not usually have motion sickness in a conventional car found that they did in EVs.

    Continue reading...

  • Country diary: Searching for sanctuary, we find something else entirely | Eben Muse

    Drakes Broughton, Worcestershire: The scourge of rural litter is enough to bring anyone together, even a farmer and us, trying to camp for the night in his field

    In deepest rural Worcestershire – unfamiliar country for a mountaineer and a Welshman – we need a place to sleep. Our hedged lane skirts a little copse, and tired eyes pick out a gap; a couple of big steps over the brambles and we’re in. We haul the bike trailer (heavy with cans and bottles, picked up over some 300 miles on England’s dirty roads) into the woods. Damien Gabet, with whom I’m here to wild camp, is on a 1,000-mile journey in the shape of a Lucozade bottle as part of an anti-litter campaign, all the while removing as many plastic bottles as he can fit in his small orange trailer.

    Beyond the wood is a field where the corn has been cut: a perfect spot, hidden from view, disturbing no one. Stars start to blink awake as we make our home for the night. Suddenly, the rumble of an engine – a silver Range Rover turns the corner. A familiar weariness grip me: I’m already resigned to being moved on, to take some stick for our trespass.

    Continue reading...

  • Wealth and power shape the climate emergency – the most important tool we have to defend ourselves is the facts | Naomi Klein

    The corporate-financed backlash to calls for global climate progress has been greatly empowered by the Trump administration. It’s never been more critical to challenge the misinformation that could turn a crisis into a catastrophe

    Support the Guardian’s independent, fact-based journalism today

    A little over a decade ago I published a book, This Changes Everything, which explored the reality of the climate crisis as a confrontation between capitalism and the planet. For a few years after the book came out, it seemed like we might just win a breakthrough. A cascade of large and militant mobilisations pressed the case for keeping warming below 1.5C as global calls for a green new deal grew louder and louder. Countries across the world announced long-term plans to reduce emissions and to hit net-zero targets; so did some of the largest corporations on the planet.

    And then … well, we all know what happened. A corporate-financed backlash on all fronts. In the first 100 days of Trump’s second term, his administration took more than 140 actions to roll back environmental rules and push for greater use of fossil fuels. He signed executive orders to ease restrictions on their extraction and export, filled his cabinet with oil industry supporters, gutted federal agencies on the forefront of the climate crisis, and cancelled life-saving environmental justice projects.

    Join George Monbiot and special guests on 16 September for a special climate assembly to discuss the growing and dramatic political and corporate threats to the planet. Book tickets – in person or livestream

    Continue reading...

  • Thousands of tonnes of toxic landfill liquid added to sewage and spread on English farms

    Exclusive: Leachate is tankered to treatment works where it mixes with sewage and industrial effluent

    More than 750,000 tonnes of liquid from landfills are mixed with sewage at water treatment works and spread on farmland across England each year, it can be revealed.

    Generated by hundreds of landfills across the country, leachate – the liquid that drains through landfill waste carrying a cocktail of chemicals – is regularly tankered to sewage treatment works, where it mixes with domestic sewage and industrial effluent to create sludge, also described as “biosolids”.

    Continue reading...

  • ‘Most precious thing in the desert’: the fight to protect sacred sites against the NT’s largest water licence

    Traditional owners have lost repeated legal challenges over the 40-gigalitre-per year water licence at Singleton Station – and now they’re taking it to the high court

    When parts of nature die and species are lost, traditional owners like Maureen Jipiyiliya Nampijinpa O’Keefe feel deep grief.

    In Kaytetye country, near Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory, life and death are controlled by access to water.

    Traditional owner Maureen Jipiyiliya Nampijinpa O’Keefe, a Kaytetye-Warlpiri woman, is one of the leading voices opposing the groundwater licence

    Sign up to receive Guardian Australia’s fortnightly Rural Network email newsletter

    Continue reading...

  • Billion-dollar coffins? New technology could make oceans transparent and Aukus submarines vulnerable

    Quantum sensing, satellite tracking and AI are part of an accelerating arms race in detection that should prompt a re-evaluation of Australia’s defence strategy

    Military history is littered with the corpses of apex predators.

    The Gatling gun, the battleship, the tank. All once possessed unassailable power – then were undermined, in some cases wiped out, by the march of new technology.

    Continue reading...

  • Mining companies leave many Queensland farmers’ land barren and broken. When they go belly up who pays for rehabilitation?

    ‘I just want them to pay up what they owe me, rehab that country and get the hell out of here,’ says farmer Patricia Goodwin

    Sandstone cliffs rise from the brigalow scrubaround the tin and timber farmhouse of Patricia Goodwin at theback of Bluff, a tiny town in the central Queensland highlands.

    One ridge stands out from the rest. Stripped of all vegetation, the blacks and browns of its earthen ramparts loom over the landscape like the citadel of a Mad Max warlord. This is no natural formation – it is the spoil of an open cut metallurgical coalmine.

    Continue reading...

Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com

Izvor nije pronađen
Copyright © 2025 Eco Hvar. Sva prava zadržana. Developed by Orion Informatika.