Orhideje trebaju njegu

Ističući hrvatske samonikle orhideje, vrlo aktivna i usjpešna UDRUGA BIOM objavila je u proljeće 2024. godine članak s molbom da se obrati pažnju na ove fascinantne i neprocjenjivo vrijedne biljke.

Orchis italica Orchis italica Frank Verhart

Kraljica biljki: Orhideja

Orhideje čine jednu od najzanimljivijih i najvećih porodica biljki, poznatu kao Orchidaceae. Iako postoji oko tisuću rodova, odnosno 20 do 30 tisuća vrsta, fascinantno je kako se svakodnevno otkrivaju nove vrste i hibridi, šireći već bogatu paletu ovih prekrasnih cvjetova.

Orchis Morio. Foto Udruga Biom iz newslettera

Orhideje su pravi svjetski putnici! Rasprostranjene su u gotovo svim dijelovima svijeta, osim ekstremnih polarnih i pustinjskih područja. Najveća koncentracija vrsta orhideja nalazi se u himalajskom području Nepala, dok ih možemo pronaći i u tropskim predjelima Azije, Južne i Srednje Amerike, pa čak i do arktičkog kruga u Patagoniji. Ipak, kada se u razgovoru spominju orhideje, većini ljudi prvo na pamet pada nekoliko kultiviranih vrsta i varijeteta koje kupujemo u cvjećarnicama. No mnogi ne znaju da orhideje nisu neke vrste samo iz dalekih tropskih kišnih šuma već da gotovo 200 vrsta i podvrsta divljih orhideja raste i u Hrvatskoj. Zahvaljujući tome ubrajamo se u sam vrh europskih zemalja po bogatstvu orhidoflore, a čak 19 vrsta je endemično. Orhideje rastu na raznolikom staništima, od vlažnih livada u nizinskom dijelu do šuma i šikara, a najveći broj vrsta raste na suhim travnjacima.

Sve su strogo zaštićene i zabranjeno ih je brati, sakupljati, uništavati ili iskopavati, a također su ugrožene i zbog zapuštanja i neodržavanja travnjaka koji se pretvaraju u šikare, uništavanja staništa i branja.

Orhideje u prirodnom staništu. Foto Udruga Biom iz newslettera

Iz perspektive botaničara, orhideje su jedna od najprostranjenijih, evolucijski mlađih, skupina biljaka uz koje se vežu brojne zanimljive priče. Orhideje se oprašuju uglavnom kukcima, te su zavođenje kukaca svojim mirisima, oblicima i bojama dovele do savršenstva. Suradnja s kukcima ovdje je dosegla nevjerojatno visoke razine: orhideje pokušavaju, i uglavnom uspijevaju, osigurati da kukci prenose pelud s cvijeta na cvijet a da pritom ne izgube praktički nijedno peludno zrnce, dobivajući zauzvrat nagradu u obliku slatkog nektara. Kemijske tvari koje oponašaju feromone kukaca toliko su vjerne originalu da neke vrste kukaca teško uspijevaju razlučiti radi li se o cvijetu ili o drugom kukcu s kojim se namjeravaju pariti. U Hrvatskoj su to orhideje iz roda Ophrys, među kojima ima i endemičnih vrsta. Tako učinkovit prijenos peludi u kombinaciji s “dobrom pripremom terena” odnosno brojnim sjemenim zamecima u tučcima orhideja, rezultiraju iznimno velikim brojem sjemenki koje orhideje proizvode. Kako ovdje orhideje računaju na kvantitetu više nego na kvalitetu, sjemenke su iznimno sitne te im je klijanje gotovo uvijek povezano s uspostavom mikorize, odnosno zajednice s gljivama. Uz njihovu pomoć klijanac će uspjeti dobiti dovoljno energije kako bi se razvio, budući da ga je roditeljska biljka opskrbila tek s minimalnom količinom hranjivih tvari i poslala u svijet.

Orchis simia. Foto Udruga Biom iz newslettera

Kako bi jasnije predočili koliko su sjemenke orhideja sitne, sjetite se vanilin šećera i varijanti s crnom “mahunom” koja je zapravo tobolac sa tisućama iznimno sitnih crnih sjemenki koje ljudi koriste kao začin, jer - prirodna aroma vanilije potječe od tropske orhideje Vanilla planifolia. 

Vanilla planifolia. Foto: Ana Maria Benivades reproducirano uz dopuštenje

No vratimo se još malo našim domaćim orhidejama i njihovom suradnjom s drugim vrstama. Nisu sve orhideje tako dobre kako se na prvu čine! Neke od njih žive u potpunosti na račun drugih biljaka i gljiva te uopće nemaju listove niti provode fotosintezu već parazitiraju na drugim biljkama kradući od njih hranjive tvari i vodu, a jedino što im je preostalo je proizvodnja sjemenki i osiguranje potomstva. Parazitske orhideje koje nalazimo u Hrvatskoj uglavnom pripadaju u tri roda a to su Neottia, Serapias i Limodorum. I ne samo to; sve su brojniji zaljubljenici u prirodu koji u potrazi za orhidejama obilaze travnjake, šume i šikare pokušavajući pronaći ove šarene i zanimljive biljke kako bi uživali u njihovoj ljepoti. Vrlo zanimljivih cvjetova su vrste rodova Orchis, Ophrys, Dactylorhiza, Himantoglossum te Cypripedium calceolus.

Jeste li znali?

  • Od osušenih i samljevenih gomolja vrsta Orchis proizvodi se topli, slatki napitak poznat kao salep i popularan na Bliskom istoku

  • Orhideja se smatra kraljicom cvijeća, a titulu joj je dao kineski filozof Konfucije. U drevnoj Kini orhideje su se koristile u medicinske svrhe još oko 700. godina prije Krista

  • Svoje ime orhideje vuku iz grčke riječi órkhis koja doslovno znači “testisi” zbog dva gomolja iz kojih izbija uspravna stabljika

Kako je proljeće vrijeme cvatnje većine orhideja s vrhuncem u travnju i svibnju, pozivamo vas da tijekom boravka u prirodi obratite malo pažnju i pokušate opaziti, zabilježiti i fotografirati neke od njih. A za one koji imaju vrt, voćnjak ili livadu imamo i dodatan zadatak: pričekajte s košnjom barem do kraja svibnja i omogućite da orhideje, ali i druge vrste, proizvedu sjemenke te si na taj način osiguraju novu generaciju. Istodobno ćete osigurati i izvor hrane kukcima oprašivačima koji tako dobro surađuju s biljkama već stotinama tisuća godina, omogućujući i nama ljudima dobre urode različitog voća i povrća kojeg bez njih gotovo uopće ne bi bilo

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