Eco Hvar

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Nakon više godina promatranja, Udruga Eco Hvar je zaključila da je program suzbijanja komaraca, kako se provodi na Hvaru i u drugim djelovima Hrvatske, nepotreban, uzaludan i rizičan.

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

DEZINSEKCIJA NA HVARU 2017.god.

Iz Općine Jelsa: "Program dezinsekcije kao mjere zaštite pučanstva od zaraznih bolesti provodi se kako bi se suzbila ličinka komaraca te uklonili uvjeti za razvoj i razmnožavanje, a time smanjila šteta za okoliš i zdravlje ljudi." (e-mail, 11.08.2017.)

ZAŠTO SMO ZABRINUTI

Zarazne bolesti od komaraca kao što su Denga i Zapadnonilska groznica se vrlo rijetko pojave u Hrvatskoj1,2,3,4,. Međutim akcije zamagljivanja protiv komaraca su provođene u tri navrata kroz turističku sezonu, i to na neodgovoran način.

Najme:

i) za zamagljivanje se prskaju opasni otrovi po cijelom okolisu;

ii) moguće opasne nuspojave tih otrova nisu objavljena, čak su zanemarena;

iii) nije korišten bilo koji ekološki prihvatljiv način za suzbijanje štetnike;

iv) edukacija u vezi kontrole štetnike nije provedena;

v) upozorenja o akcijama nisu adekvatna;

vi) rute vozila sa termozamagljivanjem nisu objavljene;

vii) usprkos redovnog zamagljivanja, ima svake godine sve više komaraca, jer stvara se otpornost komaraca na korišćena sredstva5,6,7; izgleda da nitko na lokalnoj ni na državnoj razini ne vodi računa o efikasnosti i mogućim štetnim efektima tog prskanja

viii) na lokalnoj razini, nije jasno da li je program dezinsekcije pod strogim nadzorom, kako bi trebao biti;

DETALJNIJE O OTROVIMA (Za vidjeti više detalja o otrovima korištenim na Hvaru, uz njihove moguće nuspojave, kliknite ovdje)

2012., godine dezinsekcija na Hvaru obavljena je koristeći dva insekticida, permetrin i cipermetrin u kombinaciji (2 piretroida); 2014., u Općini Jelsa je korišten Permex 22E (aktivne tvari Permetrin i Tetrametrin uz sinergist Piperonil butosid); 2015, Microfly (Cipermetrin), i Twenty-one (Azametipos = organofosfat) su korišteni protiv muha; Permex 22E je korišten za zamagljivanje protiv komaraca; a 2017., za zamagljivanje su korišteni oko Grada Hvara, Starog Grada i Jelse: Cipex (Cipermetrin), i Permex 22E (Permetrin, Tetrametrin uz Piperonil butoksid); Microfly (Cipermetrin) i Muhomor (Azametipos) su korišteni protiv muha.

Piretroidi8 su opasni otrovi 9,10,11. Svaki od spomenutih insekticida je opasan sam po sebi, ne samo za insekte nego i za druga živa bića.

SREDSTVA KOJA SU KORIŠTENA U OPČINI JELSA 2017.god.

Akcije zamagljivanja u Općini Jelsa u 2017. su obavljene u srpnju, kolovozu i rujnu 2017.god.

Permex 22E- aktivne tvari Permetrin u kombinaciji sa Tetrametrinom, dakle dva piretroida. Permetrin18,19 dolazi u mnogim oblicima, od kojih su neki otrovniji od drugih. Visoko je toksičan za pčele, organizme iz mora, ribe20 i druge životinje iz divljine21. Također je otrovan za mačke22. Mogući utjecaji na ljude se smatraju manje dramatičnima od onih Cipermetrina, ali može utjecati na neurološki sustav23,24, te imunološkii i endokrini sustav. Može osobito loše djelovati na djecu, i Američka Environmental Protection Agency 2006.god. je ga procjenjila potencijalno kancerogenim25. S obzirom na štetan utjecaj na život u vodi, piretroidi se ne bi trebali koristiti blizu vodenih izvora. Permetrin se ne bi trebalo primjenjivati ondje gdje životinje tragaju za hranom.

EPA-in registracijski dokument za Tetrametrin (2010.)26 klasificirao je otrov kao potencijalno kancerogenim za ljude te ga je identificirao kao visoko toksičnim za pčele i vodene organizme, uključujući ribe i beskralješnjake. Može uzrokovati mantanje, teškoće s disanjem, kašalj, iritaciju oka, gastrointestinalne tegobe, mjehuriće i osip na koži. Dokument navodi: „Tetrametrin koriste vlasnici kuća individualno ili vlasnici industrijskog/komercijalnog postrojenja na pojedinačnim, izoliranim površinama i u malim količinama, a ne u širokoj uporabi (tj. u poljoprivredi ili pri smanjenu populacije komaraca od strane javne uprave27. Zbog ovog razloga nije testiran utjecaj Tetrametrina na pitku vodu. Tetrametrin se ne bi trebao koristiti na ili blizu namirnica27.

Sredstva korištena protiv muha u Općini Jelsa u 2017. godini:

Cipex - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin12 (piretroid). Cipermetrin je vrlo otrovan za mačke13, pčele, vodene insekte i ribe, a manje za ptice. Kod ljudi, trovanje cipermetrinom može uzrokovati utrnuće, žarenje, gubitak kontrole nad mjehurom, povraćanje, gubitak koordinacije, komu, iznenadne napadaje i (rijetko) smrt14,15,16. U Sjedninjenim Državama također se klasificira kao mogući uzrok raka17.

Microfly - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin.

Muhomor - aktivna tvar Azametipos28, koja nije na popisu dozvoljenih insekticida u Europskoj Uniji29,30. Upute navode da mora biti apliciran na ciljene površine, a ne prskan u zraku. Muhomor AZ, koji je korišten na Hvaru 2017.god., je insekticid topiv u vodi, namijenjen za suzbijanje muha u štalama za stoku, kao što su goveda, konji, svinje, telad, te perad (kokoši), i se koristi uglavnom u zatvorenim prostorijama31.

Moguće posljedice i rizici takve kombinacije otrova u okolišu su potpuno nepoznati.

DEZINSEKCIJA U GRADU HVARU 2017.god.

Po Programu mjera obvezatne preventivne dezinfekcije, dezinsekcije i deratizacije na području Grada Hvara u 2017. godini, insekticidi koji se koriste za ULV zamagljivanje (hladni i topli postupak) su piretroidi: Cipermetrin, Deltametrin32, D-Fenotrin33, Permetrin i Resmetrin34 (tablica 2, str.9). Od 5 otrova, 3 nisu više na popisu registirarnih insekticida Europske Unije.

Fenotrin je posebno toksičan za mačke35, za pčele36 i za vodene organizme37.

Resmetrin je posebno toksičan za ribe, i pčele, te opasan za ljude38. Od 2015.godine nije više na prodaji u SAD-u39.

PČELE. Svi spomenuti otrovi su toksični za pčele. Već 1998.godine Permetrin, d-Fenotrin i Resmetrin su bili na popisu insekticida koji su posebno toksični za pčele, i neko vrijeme poslije aplikacije40.

DETALJNIJE O UPOZORENJIMA I OBAVIJESTIMA. Govorimo ovdje o vrlo opasnim sredstvima, a upozorenja su minimalna: u Općini Jelsa obavijest je u obliku pisma sa strane firme koja provodi zamaglivanje. To pismo se stavlja na općinskim oglasnim pločama. Stari Grad objavi termin akcija na službenom portalu. Ništa po javnim medijama, ništa preko Turističkih zajednica. Pčelari nisu posebno obavješteni, iako mogu biti teško ugroženi. A obavijesti nisu na niti jednom stranom jeziku, iako su te akcije u špici sezone.

Mještani i gosti imaju pravo biti informirani u potpunosti o programu i terminima akcija. Potrebna je javna objava: popis sredstava s kojima se provodi dezinsekcija; detaljnja ruta gdje će se provoditi; način provođenja dezinsekcije; te točni termini provođenja dezinsekcije.

Lokalne vlasti koje naručuju akcije dezinsekcije su dužne obavijestiti građane i gosti preko svih mogućih kanala, i to u svim odgovarajućim jezicima.

ZAKLJUČCI.

Dezinsekcija u obliku zamagljivanja kako se provodi na Hvaru već niz godina je potencijalno opasna za ljudsko zdravlje, te za životinje, ptice, neciljane insekte i okoliš.

Ta dezinsekcija nikako ne postiže svoj cilj.

Način provođenja programa nije transparentan, te nije prihvatljiv.

MI PREPORUĆUJEMO:

s obzirom da rizici zaraznih bolesti su vrlo mali u Hrvatskoj, a rizici prskanja javnih površina otrovima su puno veći, da se hitno zaustavi program ljetne dezinsekcije otrovima na način kao do sada, i istraži bolje metode za suzbijanje neželjenih insekata, kao što je u Pravilniku o načinu obvezatne DDD i predviđeno.

Napomena: Za više detalja o pesticidima korištenim na Hvaru i u Hrvatskoj, vidjeti: Pesticidni proizvodi u Hrvatskoj, Pesticidi, njihove moguće nuspojave i status odobrenja, i Pesticidi, zakoni i dozvole.
 
© Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), 2017,, ažuriran 2021.
Prijevod: Ivana Župan

IZVORI

1. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Đuričić, S., Betica-Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., Avšić-Županc, T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Šarac, K., Benić, N., Mlinarić-Galinović, G. 2011. Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August–September 2010. Eurosurveillance, 16 (9).

2. Pem-Novosel, I., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Gjenero-Margan, I., Kaic, B., Babic-Erceg, A., Merdic, E., Medic, A., Ljubic, M., Pahor, D., Erceg, M. 2015. Dengue virus infection in Croatia: seroprevalence and entomological study. New Microbiologica, 38, 97-100.

3. Barbić L, Listeš E, Katić S, Stevanović V, Madić J, Starešina V, Labrović A, Di Gennaro A, Savini G. 2012. Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Veterinary Microbiology. 159(3-4):504-8.

4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (Provides regular updates on the spread of communicable diseases in Europe)

5. Weill, M., Lutfalla, G., Mogensen, K., Chandre, F., Berthomieu, A., Berticat, C., Pasteur, N., Philips, A., Fort, P., Raymond, M. 2003. Comparative genomics: Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Nature 423: 136-137 (8 May 2003)

6. Owusu, H. F. Jančáryová, D., Malone, D., Müller, P.. 2015. Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology? Parasites and Vectors 8: 357

7. Aguirre-Obando, O. A., Pietrobon, A. J.. DallaBona, A. C., Navarro-Silva, M. A. 2015. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:1 94-100 (January–March 2016)

8. EPA Information Sheet. 2016. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. (information on the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids as insecticides, the current reevaluation of this group of pesticides in registration review, and previous assessments, decisions, and risk mitigation efforts.)

9. Beyond Pesticides. 2001. chemicalWATCH factsheet: Synthetic Pyrethroids.

10. Walters, J.K., Boswell, L.E., Green, M.K., Heumann, M.A., Karam, L.E., Morrissey, B.F., Waltz, J.E. 2009. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Illnesses in the Pacific Northwest: A Five-Year Review. Public Health Reports 124 (1): 149-159

11. Ingram E.M., Augustin, J., Ellis, M.D., Siegfried, B.D. 2015. Evaluating sub-lethal effects of orchard-applied pyrethroids using video-tracking software to quantify honey bee behaviors. Chemosphere 135: 272-277

12. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network (U.S.National Library of Medicine). Cypermethrin.

13. PARASITIPEDIA.net. updated 2017. CYPERMETHRIN, safety summary for veterinary use.

14. Cornell University, (Extoxnet). 1993. Pesticide Information profile: Cypermethrin.

15. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2005. Cypermethrin.

16. Aggarwal, P., Jamshed, N., Ekka, M., Imran A. 2015. Suicidal poisoning with cypermethrin: A clinical dilemma in the emergency department. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 8:2 123-125.

17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. 2016. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Annual Cancer Report.

18. World Health Organization. 2006. "International Program on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 92: Permethrin."

19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "TRI Explorer: Providing Access to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Data."

20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2009. Permethrin Facts.

21. Hoffmann, M., Meléndez, J.L., Ruhman, M.A., 2008. Risks of Permethrin Use to the Federally Threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis), and the Federally Endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), and San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia). Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460

22. International Cat Care. Permethrin Poisoning in Cats.

23. U.S. Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR). 2003. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids."

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin."

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Permethrin & Resmethrin (Pyrethroids), Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health. TEACH Chemical summary.

26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008, revised 2010. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Tetramethrin.

27. Thoreby, E. (author), Williams, M.M. (editor), Lah, K. (updater) 2011. Tetramethrin. Toxipedia.

28. Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Azamethiphos. Scottish Pollutant Release Directory.

29. University of Hertfordshire. Azamethiphos. Veterinary Substances Database.

30. Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Europe. 2006. What substances are banned and authorized in the EU market?

31. Muhomor. 2017.  Muhomot je insekticid topiv u vodi. Djelatna tvar: Azametifos u koncentraciji 10%. Genera, Jedna komapnija za Jedno zdravlje.

32. PubChem, Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Deltamethrin.

33. PubChem, Open chemistry Database. 2017. D-Phenothrin.

34. US EPA Archive Document. 2007. Permethrin and Resmethrin (Pyrethroids). TEACH Chemical Summary.

35. Parasitipedia. 2017. Phenothrin: safety summary for veterinary use.

36. US EPA. 2008. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for d-Phenothrin.

37. WHO/FAO 1994. d-Phenothrin. WHO/FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides no.85.

38. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Resmethrin.

39. US EPA. 2011. Permethrin, Resmethrin, d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin®): Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control.

40. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities. 1998. Protecting honey bees from pesticides.

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