Eco Hvar

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Nakon više godina promatranja, Udruga Eco Hvar je zaključila da je program suzbijanja komaraca, kako se provodi na Hvaru i u drugim djelovima Hrvatske, nepotreban, uzaludan i rizičan.

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

DEZINSEKCIJA NA HVARU 2017.god.

Iz Općine Jelsa: "Program dezinsekcije kao mjere zaštite pučanstva od zaraznih bolesti provodi se kako bi se suzbila ličinka komaraca te uklonili uvjeti za razvoj i razmnožavanje, a time smanjila šteta za okoliš i zdravlje ljudi." (e-mail, 11.08.2017.)

ZAŠTO SMO ZABRINUTI

Zarazne bolesti od komaraca kao što su Denga i Zapadnonilska groznica se vrlo rijetko pojave u Hrvatskoj1,2,3,4,. Međutim akcije zamagljivanja protiv komaraca su provođene u tri navrata kroz turističku sezonu, i to na neodgovoran način.

Najme:

i) za zamagljivanje se prskaju opasni otrovi po cijelom okolisu;

ii) moguće opasne nuspojave tih otrova nisu objavljena, čak su zanemarena;

iii) nije korišten bilo koji ekološki prihvatljiv način za suzbijanje štetnike;

iv) edukacija u vezi kontrole štetnike nije provedena;

v) upozorenja o akcijama nisu adekvatna;

vi) rute vozila sa termozamagljivanjem nisu objavljene;

vii) usprkos redovnog zamagljivanja, ima svake godine sve više komaraca, jer stvara se otpornost komaraca na korišćena sredstva5,6,7; izgleda da nitko na lokalnoj ni na državnoj razini ne vodi računa o efikasnosti i mogućim štetnim efektima tog prskanja

viii) na lokalnoj razini, nije jasno da li je program dezinsekcije pod strogim nadzorom, kako bi trebao biti;

DETALJNIJE O OTROVIMA (Za vidjeti više detalja o otrovima korištenim na Hvaru, uz njihove moguće nuspojave, kliknite ovdje)

2012., godine dezinsekcija na Hvaru obavljena je koristeći dva insekticida, permetrin i cipermetrin u kombinaciji (2 piretroida); 2014., u Općini Jelsa je korišten Permex 22E (aktivne tvari Permetrin i Tetrametrin uz sinergist Piperonil butosid); 2015, Microfly (Cipermetrin), i Twenty-one (Azametipos = organofosfat) su korišteni protiv muha; Permex 22E je korišten za zamagljivanje protiv komaraca; a 2017., za zamagljivanje su korišteni oko Grada Hvara, Starog Grada i Jelse: Cipex (Cipermetrin), i Permex 22E (Permetrin, Tetrametrin uz Piperonil butoksid); Microfly (Cipermetrin) i Muhomor (Azametipos) su korišteni protiv muha.

Piretroidi8 su opasni otrovi 9,10,11. Svaki od spomenutih insekticida je opasan sam po sebi, ne samo za insekte nego i za druga živa bića.

SREDSTVA KOJA SU KORIŠTENA U OPČINI JELSA 2017.god.

Akcije zamagljivanja u Općini Jelsa u 2017. su obavljene u srpnju, kolovozu i rujnu 2017.god.

Permex 22E- aktivne tvari Permetrin u kombinaciji sa Tetrametrinom, dakle dva piretroida. Permetrin18,19 dolazi u mnogim oblicima, od kojih su neki otrovniji od drugih. Visoko je toksičan za pčele, organizme iz mora, ribe20 i druge životinje iz divljine21. Također je otrovan za mačke22. Mogući utjecaji na ljude se smatraju manje dramatičnima od onih Cipermetrina, ali može utjecati na neurološki sustav23,24, te imunološkii i endokrini sustav. Može osobito loše djelovati na djecu, i Američka Environmental Protection Agency 2006.god. je ga procjenjila potencijalno kancerogenim25. S obzirom na štetan utjecaj na život u vodi, piretroidi se ne bi trebali koristiti blizu vodenih izvora. Permetrin se ne bi trebalo primjenjivati ondje gdje životinje tragaju za hranom.

EPA-in registracijski dokument za Tetrametrin (2010.)26 klasificirao je otrov kao potencijalno kancerogenim za ljude te ga je identificirao kao visoko toksičnim za pčele i vodene organizme, uključujući ribe i beskralješnjake. Može uzrokovati mantanje, teškoće s disanjem, kašalj, iritaciju oka, gastrointestinalne tegobe, mjehuriće i osip na koži. Dokument navodi: „Tetrametrin koriste vlasnici kuća individualno ili vlasnici industrijskog/komercijalnog postrojenja na pojedinačnim, izoliranim površinama i u malim količinama, a ne u širokoj uporabi (tj. u poljoprivredi ili pri smanjenu populacije komaraca od strane javne uprave27. Zbog ovog razloga nije testiran utjecaj Tetrametrina na pitku vodu. Tetrametrin se ne bi trebao koristiti na ili blizu namirnica27.

Sredstva korištena protiv muha u Općini Jelsa u 2017. godini:

Cipex - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin12 (piretroid). Cipermetrin je vrlo otrovan za mačke13, pčele, vodene insekte i ribe, a manje za ptice. Kod ljudi, trovanje cipermetrinom može uzrokovati utrnuće, žarenje, gubitak kontrole nad mjehurom, povraćanje, gubitak koordinacije, komu, iznenadne napadaje i (rijetko) smrt14,15,16. U Sjedninjenim Državama također se klasificira kao mogući uzrok raka17.

Microfly - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin.

Muhomor - aktivna tvar Azametipos28, koja nije na popisu dozvoljenih insekticida u Europskoj Uniji29,30. Upute navode da mora biti apliciran na ciljene površine, a ne prskan u zraku. Muhomor AZ, koji je korišten na Hvaru 2017.god., je insekticid topiv u vodi, namijenjen za suzbijanje muha u štalama za stoku, kao što su goveda, konji, svinje, telad, te perad (kokoši), i se koristi uglavnom u zatvorenim prostorijama31.

Moguće posljedice i rizici takve kombinacije otrova u okolišu su potpuno nepoznati.

DEZINSEKCIJA U GRADU HVARU 2017.god.

Po Programu mjera obvezatne preventivne dezinfekcije, dezinsekcije i deratizacije na području Grada Hvara u 2017. godini, insekticidi koji se koriste za ULV zamagljivanje (hladni i topli postupak) su piretroidi: Cipermetrin, Deltametrin32, D-Fenotrin33, Permetrin i Resmetrin34 (tablica 2, str.9). Od 5 otrova, 3 nisu više na popisu registirarnih insekticida Europske Unije.

Fenotrin je posebno toksičan za mačke35, za pčele36 i za vodene organizme37.

Resmetrin je posebno toksičan za ribe, i pčele, te opasan za ljude38. Od 2015.godine nije više na prodaji u SAD-u39.

PČELE. Svi spomenuti otrovi su toksični za pčele. Već 1998.godine Permetrin, d-Fenotrin i Resmetrin su bili na popisu insekticida koji su posebno toksični za pčele, i neko vrijeme poslije aplikacije40.

DETALJNIJE O UPOZORENJIMA I OBAVIJESTIMA. Govorimo ovdje o vrlo opasnim sredstvima, a upozorenja su minimalna: u Općini Jelsa obavijest je u obliku pisma sa strane firme koja provodi zamaglivanje. To pismo se stavlja na općinskim oglasnim pločama. Stari Grad objavi termin akcija na službenom portalu. Ništa po javnim medijama, ništa preko Turističkih zajednica. Pčelari nisu posebno obavješteni, iako mogu biti teško ugroženi. A obavijesti nisu na niti jednom stranom jeziku, iako su te akcije u špici sezone.

Mještani i gosti imaju pravo biti informirani u potpunosti o programu i terminima akcija. Potrebna je javna objava: popis sredstava s kojima se provodi dezinsekcija; detaljnja ruta gdje će se provoditi; način provođenja dezinsekcije; te točni termini provođenja dezinsekcije.

Lokalne vlasti koje naručuju akcije dezinsekcije su dužne obavijestiti građane i gosti preko svih mogućih kanala, i to u svim odgovarajućim jezicima.

ZAKLJUČCI.

Dezinsekcija u obliku zamagljivanja kako se provodi na Hvaru već niz godina je potencijalno opasna za ljudsko zdravlje, te za životinje, ptice, neciljane insekte i okoliš.

Ta dezinsekcija nikako ne postiže svoj cilj.

Način provođenja programa nije transparentan, te nije prihvatljiv.

MI PREPORUĆUJEMO:

s obzirom da rizici zaraznih bolesti su vrlo mali u Hrvatskoj, a rizici prskanja javnih površina otrovima su puno veći, da se hitno zaustavi program ljetne dezinsekcije otrovima na način kao do sada, i istraži bolje metode za suzbijanje neželjenih insekata, kao što je u Pravilniku o načinu obvezatne DDD i predviđeno.

Napomena: Za više detalja o pesticidima korištenim na Hvaru i u Hrvatskoj, vidjeti: Pesticidni proizvodi u Hrvatskoj, Pesticidi, njihove moguće nuspojave i status odobrenja, i Pesticidi, zakoni i dozvole.
 
© Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), 2017,, ažuriran 2021.
Prijevod: Ivana Župan

IZVORI

1. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Đuričić, S., Betica-Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., Avšić-Županc, T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Šarac, K., Benić, N., Mlinarić-Galinović, G. 2011. Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August–September 2010. Eurosurveillance, 16 (9).

2. Pem-Novosel, I., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Gjenero-Margan, I., Kaic, B., Babic-Erceg, A., Merdic, E., Medic, A., Ljubic, M., Pahor, D., Erceg, M. 2015. Dengue virus infection in Croatia: seroprevalence and entomological study. New Microbiologica, 38, 97-100.

3. Barbić L, Listeš E, Katić S, Stevanović V, Madić J, Starešina V, Labrović A, Di Gennaro A, Savini G. 2012. Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Veterinary Microbiology. 159(3-4):504-8.

4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (Provides regular updates on the spread of communicable diseases in Europe)

5. Weill, M., Lutfalla, G., Mogensen, K., Chandre, F., Berthomieu, A., Berticat, C., Pasteur, N., Philips, A., Fort, P., Raymond, M. 2003. Comparative genomics: Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Nature 423: 136-137 (8 May 2003)

6. Owusu, H. F. Jančáryová, D., Malone, D., Müller, P.. 2015. Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology? Parasites and Vectors 8: 357

7. Aguirre-Obando, O. A., Pietrobon, A. J.. DallaBona, A. C., Navarro-Silva, M. A. 2015. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:1 94-100 (January–March 2016)

8. EPA Information Sheet. 2016. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. (information on the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids as insecticides, the current reevaluation of this group of pesticides in registration review, and previous assessments, decisions, and risk mitigation efforts.)

9. Beyond Pesticides. 2001. chemicalWATCH factsheet: Synthetic Pyrethroids.

10. Walters, J.K., Boswell, L.E., Green, M.K., Heumann, M.A., Karam, L.E., Morrissey, B.F., Waltz, J.E. 2009. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Illnesses in the Pacific Northwest: A Five-Year Review. Public Health Reports 124 (1): 149-159

11. Ingram E.M., Augustin, J., Ellis, M.D., Siegfried, B.D. 2015. Evaluating sub-lethal effects of orchard-applied pyrethroids using video-tracking software to quantify honey bee behaviors. Chemosphere 135: 272-277

12. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network (U.S.National Library of Medicine). Cypermethrin.

13. PARASITIPEDIA.net. updated 2017. CYPERMETHRIN, safety summary for veterinary use.

14. Cornell University, (Extoxnet). 1993. Pesticide Information profile: Cypermethrin.

15. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2005. Cypermethrin.

16. Aggarwal, P., Jamshed, N., Ekka, M., Imran A. 2015. Suicidal poisoning with cypermethrin: A clinical dilemma in the emergency department. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 8:2 123-125.

17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. 2016. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Annual Cancer Report.

18. World Health Organization. 2006. "International Program on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 92: Permethrin."

19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "TRI Explorer: Providing Access to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Data."

20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2009. Permethrin Facts.

21. Hoffmann, M., Meléndez, J.L., Ruhman, M.A., 2008. Risks of Permethrin Use to the Federally Threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis), and the Federally Endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), and San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia). Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460

22. International Cat Care. Permethrin Poisoning in Cats.

23. U.S. Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR). 2003. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids."

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin."

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Permethrin & Resmethrin (Pyrethroids), Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health. TEACH Chemical summary.

26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008, revised 2010. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Tetramethrin.

27. Thoreby, E. (author), Williams, M.M. (editor), Lah, K. (updater) 2011. Tetramethrin. Toxipedia.

28. Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Azamethiphos. Scottish Pollutant Release Directory.

29. University of Hertfordshire. Azamethiphos. Veterinary Substances Database.

30. Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Europe. 2006. What substances are banned and authorized in the EU market?

31. Muhomor. 2017.  Muhomot je insekticid topiv u vodi. Djelatna tvar: Azametifos u koncentraciji 10%. Genera, Jedna komapnija za Jedno zdravlje.

32. PubChem, Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Deltamethrin.

33. PubChem, Open chemistry Database. 2017. D-Phenothrin.

34. US EPA Archive Document. 2007. Permethrin and Resmethrin (Pyrethroids). TEACH Chemical Summary.

35. Parasitipedia. 2017. Phenothrin: safety summary for veterinary use.

36. US EPA. 2008. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for d-Phenothrin.

37. WHO/FAO 1994. d-Phenothrin. WHO/FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides no.85.

38. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Resmethrin.

39. US EPA. 2011. Permethrin, Resmethrin, d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin®): Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control.

40. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities. 1998. Protecting honey bees from pesticides.

na vrh članka
Nalazite se ovdje: Home opasni otrovi Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Eco Environment News feeds

  • Thousands hit streets of Belém to call for action during crucial Cop30 summit

    Funeral for fossil fuels held as part of ‘Great People’s March’ calling on governments to step up climate efforts

    The streets of Belém echoed with indigenous chants, classical Brazilian songs and calls for environmental justice on Saturday as tens of thousands of people marched to demand urgent action on the climate and nature crisis.

    Activists from around the world converged on the Amazonian host city of COP30, urging negotiators to ramp up ambition.

    Continue reading...

  • $170,000 a minute: why Saudi Arabia is the biggest blocker of climate action

    Desert kingdom depends on oil dollars but its people already face a climate ‘at the verge of livability’. What’s going on?

    Continue reading...

  • ‘We feel we’re fighting a losing battle’: the race to remove millions of plastic beads from Camber Sands

    A huge cleanup effort has seen volunteers working to remove beads by hand and machine. They can only wait and see the extent of damage to wildlife and dune habitat

    Just past a scrum of dog walkers, about 40 people are urgently combing through the sand on hands and knees. Their task is to try to remove millions of peppercorn-sized black plastic biobeads from where they have settled in the sand. Beyond them, a seal carcass grins menacingly, teeth protruding from its rotting skull.

    Last week, an environmental disaster took place on Camber Sands beach, on what could turn out to be an unprecedented scale. Eastbourne Wastewater Treatment Works, owned by Southern Water, experienced a mechanical failure and spewed out millions of biobeads on to the Sussex coastline. Southern Water has since taken responsibility for the spill. Ironically, biobeads are used to clean wastewater – bacteria attach to their rough, crinkly surface and clean the water of contaminants.

    Camber Sands is one of England’s most popular beaches, with rare dune habitat

    Continue reading...

  • The scientist who helped win the fight to protect a sacred piece of the Pacific

    Respected ocean expert Katy Soapi continues to advocate to protect Tetepare, one of the last untouched places in Solomon Islands

    Scientist Katy Soapi’s earliest memories are of the sea. She grew up on Rendova, a lush island in western Solomon Islands, and life centred around the ocean.

    “I remember when the big waves came, we would dive under them and come up laughing on the other side. Being part of those natural elements brought me so much joy.”

    Continue reading...

  • Fly-tippers dump ‘mountain’ of waste in Oxfordshire field

    Area’s MP says it would cost more than local council’s annual budget to remove the 10-metre high pile of waste

    Fly-tippers have dumped a “mountain of illegal waste” in Oxfordshire so large that removing it could cost more than the local council’s annual budget, the area’s MP has said.

    Hundreds of tonnes of waste, stacked 10 metres high, appeared in a field between the River Cherwell and the A34 near Kidlington. One charity called the huge dump of rubbish “an environmental catastrophe unfolding in plain sight”.

    Continue reading...

  • Plastic paradise: on the frontlines of the fight to clean up pollution in Bali – in pictures

    In January the island’s beaches were inundated with waves of plastic pollution, a phenomenon that has been getting worse by the year. Photographer and film-maker Sean Gallagher travelled to Bali to document the increasing tide of rubbish washing up on beaches and riverbanks, and the people facing the monumental challenge of cleaning up. His portraits are on show now as part of the 2025 Head On photo festival at Bondi Beach promenade until 30 November

    Continue reading...

  • Country diary: Run out of coffee? Reach for the acorns | Michael White

    Cranbrook, Kent: We have no culture of consuming acorns in Britain, but they have a place in my kitchen, especially in a boom year such as this

    I tire of hearing the term “abundance” in relation to autumn, and yet the word unavoidably reverberates as the season unfolds, until even I am tempted to use it. Wild food is everywhere, as is a frenzy of gathering and preservation, a ritualised nod to that which was once essential.

    Not every year is the same, though. Several species don’t fruit every autumn, but instead coordinate with others of their kind on so called mast years to produce a bumper crop: a highly evolved tactic that serves to overwhelm the frenzied gatherers, both human and animal, so enough seed will survive to germination.

    Continue reading...

  • Amid squabbles, bombast and competing interests, what can Cop30 achieve?

    Climate summit in Brazil needs to find way to stop global heating accelerating amid stark divisions

    “It broke my heart.” Surangel Whipps, president of the tiny Pacific nation of Palau, was sitting in the front row of the UN’s general assembly in New York when Donald Trump made a long and rambling speech, his first to the UN since his re-election, on 23 September.

    Whipps was prepared for fury and bombast from the US president, but what followed was shocking. Trump’s rant on the climate crisis – a “green scam”, “the greatest con job ever perpetrated”, “predictions made by stupid people” – was an unprecedented attack on science and global action from a major world leader.

    Continue reading...

  • Less arguing, more action: will Brazil’s unorthodox approach to Cop30 work?

    Host uses Indigenous concepts and changes agenda to help delegates agree on ways to meet existing climate goals

    Shipping containers, cruise ships, river boats, schools and even army barracks have been pressed into service as accommodation for the 50,000 plus people descending on the Amazon: this year’s Cop30 climate summit is going to be, in many ways, an unconventional one.

    Located in Belém, a small city at the mouth of the Amazon river, the Brazilian hosts have been criticised for the exorbitant cost of scarce hotel rooms and hastily vacated apartments. Many delegations have slimmed down their presence, while business leaders have decamped to hold their own events in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

    Continue reading...

  • Lula’s balancing act: Cop30 Amazon summit juggles climate and social priorities

    Brazil’s president welcomes world leaders while navigating divided government, promising action on deforestation and emissions

    Brazil’s president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, has welcomed world leaders to Belém for the first climate summit in the Amazon, where conservationists hope he can be a champion for the rainforest and its people.

    But with a divided administration, a hostile Congress and 20th-century developmentalist instincts, this global figurehead of the centre left has a balancing act to perform in advocating protection of nature and a reduction of emissions.

    Continue reading...

Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com

Izvor nije pronađen
Copyright © 2025 Eco Hvar. Sva prava zadržana. Developed by Orion Informatika.