Eco Hvar

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Nakon više godina promatranja, Udruga Eco Hvar je zaključila da je program suzbijanja komaraca, kako se provodi na Hvaru i u drugim djelovima Hrvatske, nepotreban, uzaludan i rizičan.

Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

DEZINSEKCIJA NA HVARU 2017.god.

Iz Općine Jelsa: "Program dezinsekcije kao mjere zaštite pučanstva od zaraznih bolesti provodi se kako bi se suzbila ličinka komaraca te uklonili uvjeti za razvoj i razmnožavanje, a time smanjila šteta za okoliš i zdravlje ljudi." (e-mail, 11.08.2017.)

ZAŠTO SMO ZABRINUTI

Zarazne bolesti od komaraca kao što su Denga i Zapadnonilska groznica se vrlo rijetko pojave u Hrvatskoj1,2,3,4,. Međutim akcije zamagljivanja protiv komaraca su provođene u tri navrata kroz turističku sezonu, i to na neodgovoran način.

Najme:

i) za zamagljivanje se prskaju opasni otrovi po cijelom okolisu;

ii) moguće opasne nuspojave tih otrova nisu objavljena, čak su zanemarena;

iii) nije korišten bilo koji ekološki prihvatljiv način za suzbijanje štetnike;

iv) edukacija u vezi kontrole štetnike nije provedena;

v) upozorenja o akcijama nisu adekvatna;

vi) rute vozila sa termozamagljivanjem nisu objavljene;

vii) usprkos redovnog zamagljivanja, ima svake godine sve više komaraca, jer stvara se otpornost komaraca na korišćena sredstva5,6,7; izgleda da nitko na lokalnoj ni na državnoj razini ne vodi računa o efikasnosti i mogućim štetnim efektima tog prskanja

viii) na lokalnoj razini, nije jasno da li je program dezinsekcije pod strogim nadzorom, kako bi trebao biti;

DETALJNIJE O OTROVIMA (Za vidjeti više detalja o otrovima korištenim na Hvaru, uz njihove moguće nuspojave, kliknite ovdje)

2012., godine dezinsekcija na Hvaru obavljena je koristeći dva insekticida, permetrin i cipermetrin u kombinaciji (2 piretroida); 2014., u Općini Jelsa je korišten Permex 22E (aktivne tvari Permetrin i Tetrametrin uz sinergist Piperonil butosid); 2015, Microfly (Cipermetrin), i Twenty-one (Azametipos = organofosfat) su korišteni protiv muha; Permex 22E je korišten za zamagljivanje protiv komaraca; a 2017., za zamagljivanje su korišteni oko Grada Hvara, Starog Grada i Jelse: Cipex (Cipermetrin), i Permex 22E (Permetrin, Tetrametrin uz Piperonil butoksid); Microfly (Cipermetrin) i Muhomor (Azametipos) su korišteni protiv muha.

Piretroidi8 su opasni otrovi 9,10,11. Svaki od spomenutih insekticida je opasan sam po sebi, ne samo za insekte nego i za druga živa bića.

SREDSTVA KOJA SU KORIŠTENA U OPČINI JELSA 2017.god.

Akcije zamagljivanja u Općini Jelsa u 2017. su obavljene u srpnju, kolovozu i rujnu 2017.god.

Permex 22E- aktivne tvari Permetrin u kombinaciji sa Tetrametrinom, dakle dva piretroida. Permetrin18,19 dolazi u mnogim oblicima, od kojih su neki otrovniji od drugih. Visoko je toksičan za pčele, organizme iz mora, ribe20 i druge životinje iz divljine21. Također je otrovan za mačke22. Mogući utjecaji na ljude se smatraju manje dramatičnima od onih Cipermetrina, ali može utjecati na neurološki sustav23,24, te imunološkii i endokrini sustav. Može osobito loše djelovati na djecu, i Američka Environmental Protection Agency 2006.god. je ga procjenjila potencijalno kancerogenim25. S obzirom na štetan utjecaj na život u vodi, piretroidi se ne bi trebali koristiti blizu vodenih izvora. Permetrin se ne bi trebalo primjenjivati ondje gdje životinje tragaju za hranom.

EPA-in registracijski dokument za Tetrametrin (2010.)26 klasificirao je otrov kao potencijalno kancerogenim za ljude te ga je identificirao kao visoko toksičnim za pčele i vodene organizme, uključujući ribe i beskralješnjake. Može uzrokovati mantanje, teškoće s disanjem, kašalj, iritaciju oka, gastrointestinalne tegobe, mjehuriće i osip na koži. Dokument navodi: „Tetrametrin koriste vlasnici kuća individualno ili vlasnici industrijskog/komercijalnog postrojenja na pojedinačnim, izoliranim površinama i u malim količinama, a ne u širokoj uporabi (tj. u poljoprivredi ili pri smanjenu populacije komaraca od strane javne uprave27. Zbog ovog razloga nije testiran utjecaj Tetrametrina na pitku vodu. Tetrametrin se ne bi trebao koristiti na ili blizu namirnica27.

Sredstva korištena protiv muha u Općini Jelsa u 2017. godini:

Cipex - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin12 (piretroid). Cipermetrin je vrlo otrovan za mačke13, pčele, vodene insekte i ribe, a manje za ptice. Kod ljudi, trovanje cipermetrinom može uzrokovati utrnuće, žarenje, gubitak kontrole nad mjehurom, povraćanje, gubitak koordinacije, komu, iznenadne napadaje i (rijetko) smrt14,15,16. U Sjedninjenim Državama također se klasificira kao mogući uzrok raka17.

Microfly - aktivna tvar Cipermetrin.

Muhomor - aktivna tvar Azametipos28, koja nije na popisu dozvoljenih insekticida u Europskoj Uniji29,30. Upute navode da mora biti apliciran na ciljene površine, a ne prskan u zraku. Muhomor AZ, koji je korišten na Hvaru 2017.god., je insekticid topiv u vodi, namijenjen za suzbijanje muha u štalama za stoku, kao što su goveda, konji, svinje, telad, te perad (kokoši), i se koristi uglavnom u zatvorenim prostorijama31.

Moguće posljedice i rizici takve kombinacije otrova u okolišu su potpuno nepoznati.

DEZINSEKCIJA U GRADU HVARU 2017.god.

Po Programu mjera obvezatne preventivne dezinfekcije, dezinsekcije i deratizacije na području Grada Hvara u 2017. godini, insekticidi koji se koriste za ULV zamagljivanje (hladni i topli postupak) su piretroidi: Cipermetrin, Deltametrin32, D-Fenotrin33, Permetrin i Resmetrin34 (tablica 2, str.9). Od 5 otrova, 3 nisu više na popisu registirarnih insekticida Europske Unije.

Fenotrin je posebno toksičan za mačke35, za pčele36 i za vodene organizme37.

Resmetrin je posebno toksičan za ribe, i pčele, te opasan za ljude38. Od 2015.godine nije više na prodaji u SAD-u39.

PČELE. Svi spomenuti otrovi su toksični za pčele. Već 1998.godine Permetrin, d-Fenotrin i Resmetrin su bili na popisu insekticida koji su posebno toksični za pčele, i neko vrijeme poslije aplikacije40.

DETALJNIJE O UPOZORENJIMA I OBAVIJESTIMA. Govorimo ovdje o vrlo opasnim sredstvima, a upozorenja su minimalna: u Općini Jelsa obavijest je u obliku pisma sa strane firme koja provodi zamaglivanje. To pismo se stavlja na općinskim oglasnim pločama. Stari Grad objavi termin akcija na službenom portalu. Ništa po javnim medijama, ništa preko Turističkih zajednica. Pčelari nisu posebno obavješteni, iako mogu biti teško ugroženi. A obavijesti nisu na niti jednom stranom jeziku, iako su te akcije u špici sezone.

Mještani i gosti imaju pravo biti informirani u potpunosti o programu i terminima akcija. Potrebna je javna objava: popis sredstava s kojima se provodi dezinsekcija; detaljnja ruta gdje će se provoditi; način provođenja dezinsekcije; te točni termini provođenja dezinsekcije.

Lokalne vlasti koje naručuju akcije dezinsekcije su dužne obavijestiti građane i gosti preko svih mogućih kanala, i to u svim odgovarajućim jezicima.

ZAKLJUČCI.

Dezinsekcija u obliku zamagljivanja kako se provodi na Hvaru već niz godina je potencijalno opasna za ljudsko zdravlje, te za životinje, ptice, neciljane insekte i okoliš.

Ta dezinsekcija nikako ne postiže svoj cilj.

Način provođenja programa nije transparentan, te nije prihvatljiv.

MI PREPORUĆUJEMO:

s obzirom da rizici zaraznih bolesti su vrlo mali u Hrvatskoj, a rizici prskanja javnih površina otrovima su puno veći, da se hitno zaustavi program ljetne dezinsekcije otrovima na način kao do sada, i istraži bolje metode za suzbijanje neželjenih insekata, kao što je u Pravilniku o načinu obvezatne DDD i predviđeno.

Napomena: Za više detalja o pesticidima korištenim na Hvaru i u Hrvatskoj, vidjeti: Pesticidni proizvodi u Hrvatskoj, Pesticidi, njihove moguće nuspojave i status odobrenja, i Pesticidi, zakoni i dozvole.
 
© Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), 2017,, ažuriran 2021.
Prijevod: Ivana Župan

IZVORI

1. Gjenero-Margan, I., Aleraj, B., Krajcar, D., Lesnikar, V., Klobučar, A., Pem-Novosel, I., Kurečić-Filipović, S., Komparak, S., Martić, R., Đuričić, S., Betica-Radić, L., Okmadžić, J., Vilibić-Čavlek, T., Babić-Erceg, A., Turković, B., Avšić-Županc, T., Radić, I., Ljubić, M., Šarac, K., Benić, N., Mlinarić-Galinović, G. 2011. Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August–September 2010. Eurosurveillance, 16 (9).

2. Pem-Novosel, I., Vilibic-Cavlek, T., Gjenero-Margan, I., Kaic, B., Babic-Erceg, A., Merdic, E., Medic, A., Ljubic, M., Pahor, D., Erceg, M. 2015. Dengue virus infection in Croatia: seroprevalence and entomological study. New Microbiologica, 38, 97-100.

3. Barbić L, Listeš E, Katić S, Stevanović V, Madić J, Starešina V, Labrović A, Di Gennaro A, Savini G. 2012. Spreading of West Nile virus infection in Croatia. Veterinary Microbiology. 159(3-4):504-8.

4. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (Provides regular updates on the spread of communicable diseases in Europe)

5. Weill, M., Lutfalla, G., Mogensen, K., Chandre, F., Berthomieu, A., Berticat, C., Pasteur, N., Philips, A., Fort, P., Raymond, M. 2003. Comparative genomics: Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. Nature 423: 136-137 (8 May 2003)

6. Owusu, H. F. Jančáryová, D., Malone, D., Müller, P.. 2015. Comparability between insecticide resistance bioassays for mosquito vectors: time to review current methodology? Parasites and Vectors 8: 357

7. Aguirre-Obando, O. A., Pietrobon, A. J.. DallaBona, A. C., Navarro-Silva, M. A. 2015. Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in Aedes aegypti populations from Jacarezinho (Brazil) after a Dengue Outbreak. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 60:1 94-100 (January–March 2016)

8. EPA Information Sheet. 2016. Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids. (information on the use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids as insecticides, the current reevaluation of this group of pesticides in registration review, and previous assessments, decisions, and risk mitigation efforts.)

9. Beyond Pesticides. 2001. chemicalWATCH factsheet: Synthetic Pyrethroids.

10. Walters, J.K., Boswell, L.E., Green, M.K., Heumann, M.A., Karam, L.E., Morrissey, B.F., Waltz, J.E. 2009. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid Illnesses in the Pacific Northwest: A Five-Year Review. Public Health Reports 124 (1): 149-159

11. Ingram E.M., Augustin, J., Ellis, M.D., Siegfried, B.D. 2015. Evaluating sub-lethal effects of orchard-applied pyrethroids using video-tracking software to quantify honey bee behaviors. Chemosphere 135: 272-277

12. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network (U.S.National Library of Medicine). Cypermethrin.

13. PARASITIPEDIA.net. updated 2017. CYPERMETHRIN, safety summary for veterinary use.

14. Cornell University, (Extoxnet). 1993. Pesticide Information profile: Cypermethrin.

15. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2005. Cypermethrin.

16. Aggarwal, P., Jamshed, N., Ekka, M., Imran A. 2015. Suicidal poisoning with cypermethrin: A clinical dilemma in the emergency department. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 8:2 123-125.

17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. 2016. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Annual Cancer Report.

18. World Health Organization. 2006. "International Program on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 92: Permethrin."

19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "TRI Explorer: Providing Access to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Data."

20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2009. Permethrin Facts.

21. Hoffmann, M., Meléndez, J.L., Ruhman, M.A., 2008. Risks of Permethrin Use to the Federally Threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis), and the Federally Endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), and San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia). Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460

22. International Cat Care. Permethrin Poisoning in Cats.

23. U.S. Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR). 2003. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids."

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin."

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Permethrin & Resmethrin (Pyrethroids), Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health. TEACH Chemical summary.

26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008, revised 2010. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Tetramethrin.

27. Thoreby, E. (author), Williams, M.M. (editor), Lah, K. (updater) 2011. Tetramethrin. Toxipedia.

28. Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Azamethiphos. Scottish Pollutant Release Directory.

29. University of Hertfordshire. Azamethiphos. Veterinary Substances Database.

30. Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Europe. 2006. What substances are banned and authorized in the EU market?

31. Muhomor. 2017.  Muhomot je insekticid topiv u vodi. Djelatna tvar: Azametifos u koncentraciji 10%. Genera, Jedna komapnija za Jedno zdravlje.

32. PubChem, Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Deltamethrin.

33. PubChem, Open chemistry Database. 2017. D-Phenothrin.

34. US EPA Archive Document. 2007. Permethrin and Resmethrin (Pyrethroids). TEACH Chemical Summary.

35. Parasitipedia. 2017. Phenothrin: safety summary for veterinary use.

36. US EPA. 2008. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for d-Phenothrin.

37. WHO/FAO 1994. d-Phenothrin. WHO/FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides no.85.

38. PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2017. Resmethrin.

39. US EPA. 2011. Permethrin, Resmethrin, d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin®): Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control.

40. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities. 1998. Protecting honey bees from pesticides.

na vrh članka
Nalazite se ovdje: Home opasni otrovi Dezinsekcija: došlo je vrijeme za promjenu

Eco Environment News feeds

  • Saplings in prisons and bogs on military ranges: Labour’s plans for nature-friendly state land

    Exclusive: Minister says proposals show government’s ambition, as it faces unprecedented pressure from Greens

    Tree nurseries could be built at prisons, and military ranges could be turned into heathland or peat bogs as part of an ambitious plan to make government land more nature-friendly, the environment secretary has said.

    Speaking before elections this week in which Labour is under pressure from the Green party, Emma Reynolds said such projects showed the government’s intent in restoring natural habitats.

    Continue reading...

  • Reform government could cause Truss-style chaos, says renewables industry

    Lobbyist Tara Singh says stripping projects of subsidy contracts would undermine investor confidence in UK

    Britain could be beset by levels of economic chaos last seen under Liz Truss if a Reform UK government were to fulfil its promise to strip renewable energy projects of subsidy contracts, according to the industry’s chief lobbyist.

    The anti-renewables policy put forward by Nigel Farage’s populist party would severely undermine investor confidence in the energy industry and across the wider UK economy, the new chief executive of RenewableUK said.

    Continue reading...

  • Fixing methane mega-leaks could boost energy stock amid crisis, report says

    International Energy Agency analysis shows methane leaks remained at near-record highs in 2025

    Methane emissions from the energy sector remained at near record levels in 2025, the International Energy Agency has concluded.

    Tackling the emissions could make billions of cubic metres of gas available to international markets, a top priority as the war in the Middle East squeezes energy supplies, the IEA said in a report.

    Continue reading...

  • ‘Living library’: inside the marine biobanks racing to protect ocean species from extinction

    Australia’s biobanks store everything from seeds of native plants to the cells and tissue of threatened animal species

    In the mudflats of Swan Bay, Victoria, royal spoonbills sweep their paddle-shaped bills through shallow water. Nearby, under the grass-covered roof of the Queenscliff marine research centre, a team of scientists from Deakin University are trying to bring the ecosystems those birds and many others rely on back from the brink.

    Some of that involves associate professor Prue Francis’s beakers – filled with bubbling brown gunk – that are bathed in red light inside a fridge equipped with sensors, alarms and a backup generator.

    Continue reading...

  • Reform UK council backs release of beavers amid party row over rewilding

    Councillors in Leicestershire support move in efforts to reduce flooding as Reform faces divisions on nature policy

    A Reform UK council has backed the release of wild beavers into the countryside, despite the party’s opposition to rewilding.

    The Reform-led Leicestershire county council has backed the release of the rodents as part of efforts to reduce flooding.

    Continue reading...

  • Country diary 1951: Into the woods on the capital’s edge

    9 May 1951: Walking among fine oaks and beeches it is difficult to realise that one is so near to the sprawling mass of Greater London

    LONDON: Early this morning a cuckoo was calling from the outskirts of a wood in south London a bare five miles from the Festival of Britain Exhibition on the South Bank. Yesterday evening a swift flew by; and the day before a late swallow hurried over in the wake of a storm. It is difficult to realise as one enters the wood and walks among its fine oaks and beeches, that one is so near, in fact hemmed in by, the sprawling mass of Greater London.

    From the top of a sycamore newly in leaf a chiffchaff is singing and next to it, halfway up a mountain ash, a willow-wren is pouring forth its sad little song. Within a week a wood-wren will be singing from a grove of beeches growing on a slope the song that sounds like a spun sixpence running down on a table. Hawfinches nest in the wood, but they are secretive birds and seldom seen, especially at nesting time. So are the sparrow-hawks, for all their conspicuousness when they emerge to soar on the up-currents created by the north wind beating against a neighbouring hill. More obvious are the jays and the carrion crows, which seem to be increasing here as elsewhere. One would like to see fewer of them and more of the blackcaps and whitethroats that are fighting a losing battle against the rising tide of bricks and mortar.

    Continue reading...

  • Two buses, three hours and 13 miles: how Americans in ‘transit deserts’ get groceries without cars

    As Covid-era funding dries up and bus services are cut, a food insecurity crisis is brewing from Tennessee to Rhode Island

    Zen’Yari Winters’ job, at a pet shop in East Memphis, Tennessee, should be a 20-minute trip from her house. She leaves herself three hours to get there. “The bus is always, always late,” she said – if it shows up at all.

    It’s not just her work commute that’s affected by the time-consuming guessing game that is riding with the Memphis Area Transit Authority (Mata). The only full-service grocer in the Chelsea-Hollywood area where she lives closed in 2025.To shop for food in person, she could take two buses for a 13-mile (20km) trip to Walmart. But she risks waiting at bus stops for hours with perishables – or shelling out about $24 for an Uber back.

    Continue reading...

  • The man who blew up a nuclear power station and disappeared

    In December 1982, South African Rodney Wilkinson walked four bombs into Koeberg power station – the crown jewel of the apartheid state – pulled the pins and then left on his bicycle. How did he do it?

    At 21, Rodney Wilkinson was the best fencer in South Africa: national champion in foil and sabre, second in epee. He had toured Europe and Argentina. He had not stood on the Olympic podium, because South Africa was banned. The apartheid state had taken that from him, along with everything else it took from everyone.

    One evening in August 1971, Wilkinson stood in the gym at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, foil in hand. He was facing his coach Vincent Bonfil, a 25-year-old Englishman who had represented Britain as a reserve at the 1968 Mexico Olympics, and who was now in Johannesburg finishing a master’s thesis in metallurgy. They were working on a technique in which both fencers lunge simultaneously, and the one who reads the other’s move a split second earlier wins the point. They came at each other. Wilkinson’s foil caught the edge of Bonfil’s sleeve. There was a pop.

    Continue reading...

  • How to conserve your dragon – and avoid losing Australia’s most imperilled reptile for a second time

    Melbourne zoo’s new breeding centre hopes to safeguard the future of the critically endangered Victorian grassland earless dragon

    The dragons’ lair looks deceptively ordinary: a pair of pale green portables, tucked behind the reptile enclosure at Melbourne zoo.

    But the plain exterior belies its hidden treasures. Inside, dozens of Victorian grassland earless dragons, blissfully unaware of their status as Australia’s most imperilled reptile, are basking on rocks, gobbling up crickets or lapping up “dew”, expertly misted by their keeper Zac Harkin.

    Sign up to get climate and environment editor Adam Morton’s Clear Air column as a free newsletter

    Continue reading...

  • Readers reply: The Missouri tofu spill was ‘unforgettable’ – but what are history’s greatest bad smells?

    The long-running series in which readers answer other readers’ questions on subjects ranging from trivial flights of fancy to profound scientific and philosophical concepts

    This week’s question: The inside of my cardigans never become bobbled. Can’t the pieces be sewn together inside out?

    I must admit to cracking a smile when I read the story about the revolting result of a tofu spill last month in Missouri. About 18,000kg (40,000lb) of extra-firm tofu was left to rot for three weeks after a road accident – no one was hurt – turned into an insurance dispute. Local officials described the smell as “unforgettable” and “like a dead animal, but worse”. So, what are history’s greatest bad smells? Liz Prior, Southampton

    Send new questions tonq@theguardian.com.

    Continue reading...

Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com

Izvor nije pronađen
Copyright © 2026 Eco Hvar. Sva prava zadržana. Developed by Orion Informatika.