'Kalebi u portu - nevera u kulfu'

Ptice prognostičarke vremena

Vodomar, simbol 'Alkioninih dana' Vodomar, simbol 'Alkioninih dana' Foto: Steve Jones

Čovjek i spoznaja vremena (meteorologija) koračaju ruku pod ruku od pamtivijeka do današnjih dana kaže Hvaranin Marko Vučetić, široj javnosti poznat po svom djelovanju u (Državni hidrometeorološki zavod - DHMZ-u), odnosno Odjelu za agrometeorološke informacije. Sa suprugom Višnjom autor je vrijedne knjige "Vrijeme na Jadranu", što je ponajprije meteorološki priručnik za nautičare, međutim, ugledni meteorolog je tijekom svoje dugogodišnje karijere napisao niz stručnih i znanstvenih radova u kojima se, osim čisto fizičkim zakonitostima u atmosferi, bavio ljudskim opažanjima, iskustvima, tradicijom, pa onda i pučkim izrekama koje su iz toga proizašle.

Jedna karakteristična za Otok sunca je "Sv. Ivon - hod' iz poja von", koja se spominje za blagdan sv. Ivana Krstitelja (24. lipnja), a hoće reći da dolazi vrijeme ljetnog krijesa, da se težaci do žanjanja lavande trebaju odmoriti. Druga je "Svieti Antuonij Opat – vazmi motiku i puoj kopat" (17. siječnja), u smislu da je vrijeme odmora nakon berbe maslina prošlo te da stiže sezona radova u polju (gnojidba, rezidba, priprema zemlje za proljetnu sjetvu...). Ima ih još, npr. "Sv. Fabijon kreši uru don" (20. siječnja), što znači da ljudi imaju sat vremena više za lavur te "Kandelora - zima fora, svi kosići priko mora. Za njon gre svieti Blaž i govori da je to laž" (2. veljače).

Ždralovi nad Dolom, studeni 2016. Foto: Steve Jones

Dakle, čuli su od svojih nona i nonotih da je zima praktično iza nas, ali ima tu i pinku skepse, jer se još koji dan treba ložiti vatru u kućama, a za izlaska u mjesto višeslojno se odjenuti. Zanimljiva je i ona "Poslije svietog Matija svaka ptica propiva" (24. veljače), pa bismo mogli konstatirati da i ptice na neki način mogu biti prognostičarke vremena. Nekad nagovještavaju zime, nekad toplija vremena.

Rode u Jelsi, na putu prema jugu. Rujan 2017. Foto: Vivian Grisogono

Dosta smo slušali o ždralovima, rodama, lastavicama..., u dolini Neretve o svadbenom plesu lisaka, o čemu zasigurno puno više zna gospodin Vučetić. Nas je zanimalo koje ptice još na njegovom otoku nagovještavaju promjenu vremena?

Gorska pastirica, palčić, galeb i vodomar

Gorska pastirica. Foto: Steve Jones

▪ Pa primjerice možemo spomenuti gorsku pastiricu (Motaclia cinerea), palčića (Troglodytes troglodutes), galeba klaukavca (Larus cacchinans) i vodomara (Alcedo otthis).

Gorska pastirica. Foto: Steve Jones

Kad pastirica i palčić, kojeg na Hvaru nazivaju još carić ili strižić, dolete s kopna na naše otoke onda zapravo najavljuju hladni val, loše i ružno vrijeme.

Palčić. Foto. Steve Jones

Slično je i sa preletnicom šljukom (Scolopax rusticola) za koju vrijedi ona 'Šljuka na škoj sleti kad Zagora zaledi', a Hvarani imaju i tog svog galeba.

Galeb. Foto: Steve Jones

Kad se ta opjevana ptica pojavi na akroteriju povijesnog Arsenala onda je to znak skorog grubog vremena. Oni to najčešće poprate riječima 'Kalebi u portu - nevera u kulfu', no hoće li uslijediti jugo ili bura to je već druga stvar – objašnjava nam Vučetić.

Galebovi. Foto: Steve Jones

A mitsku sagu o vodomaru (Alcedo atthis) baš detaljno opisao je u svom znanstvenom radu "Vrijeme i klima Jadrana u antičkih pisaca", dovodeći ga u vezu sa zimskim maestralom, odnosno Alkioninim danima. Riječ je o ptici čiji je gornji dio tijela zelenkastomodar, a donji smeđecrven, koja živi uz vodu hraneći se ribom i sitnim vodenim životinjama. Uz more tuče kljunom po račićima, pa ga stoga na Braču nazivaju kovoc, a u Starome Gradu – Farosu kovačić. Gnijezdi se zimi u zemlji strmog stijenja, pa odatle i neki toponimi kao što je Punta kovača kod Podstina u Hvaru ili ona kod Solina na otočiću sv. Klement (Pakleni otoci).

No, što su to Alkionini dani?

▪ Usred zime da more bude mirno, bonaca k'o uje, malo je vjerojatno, ali ipak moguće. To je čudo koje se oduvijek pripisivalo volji bogova. U mitskoj priči starih Grka glavnu ulogu ima Alkiona, a njezina velika ljubav biva prekinuta pogibijom brodolomca Tesalije Keika. Kada je to saznala i krenula prema moru oboje su preobraženi u ptice – vodomare. Bogovi prema zaljubljenom paru bijahu velikodušni pa su odlučili da u vrijeme gniježđenja vodomara, oko zimskog suncostaja, nad morem vlada tišina, koja može potrajati dva tjedna. Otuda i njihova povezanost sa zimskim bonacama, koje antički Heleni nazivaše Alkionini dani ili alkionidima – pripovijeda nam naš sugovornik i ističe da je vodomar stoga simbol spokojstva i mirnih mora.

Vodomar, siječanj 2018. Foto: Steve Jones

Kod nas je, kako dodaje, s tim u svezi povezana iskustvena činjenica o zimskom maestralu. Takvo vrijeme zimi ne traje dugo (najčešće tri dana), međutim, tu se zapravo radi o zmorcu – vjetru unutar obalne cirkulacije, u ovome slučaju od mora prema kopnu koji nastaje za vrijeme stabilnog vremena. Upravo zato usred zime ni ne može dulje potrajati i najčešće je predznak skorog juga, dakle, pogoršanja vremena. Svojedobno su dani sa zimskim maestralom imali poseban status kod dalmatinskih ribara i moreplovaca napose u doba jedrenjaka, što bi značilo da bi se pomnijim istraživanjem i u nas moguće pronašla veza s alkionidima.

© Mirko Crnčević / Dobra Kob (broj.259, travanj 2023.) 
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