Zmije: ne bojte se!

PROLJETNO BUĐENJE ZMIJA: kako sigurno dijeliti prirodu s našim ‘hladnokrvnim’ susjedima? Pouke koje se čitaju, uče i pamte !

Boris Lauš, poznati herpetolog Boris Lauš, poznati herpetolog Foto: Udruga Hyla

S prvim toplim zrakama sunca, dok se priroda budi, iz svojih zimskih skrovišta izlaze i najkontraverzniji stanovnici našeg krša i šuma – zmije. Upravo je ožujak, naročito u Dalmaciji i Istri, vrijeme njihove najveće izloženosti – nakon višemjesečne hibernacije (brumacije), zmije su baš onako trome, a primarni cilj im je zagrijati tijelo na suncu naprosto da bi pokrenule svoj metabolizam. Naravno, zatim su fokusirane na pronalaženje hrane i partnera za parenje.

Poskok crvenkasti snimljen u Lici. Foto: Boris Lauš

Hrvatska je dom za 15 vrsta, ali samo tri su otrovnice

U Hrvatskoj živi 15 vrsta zmija, većina obitava u mediteranskom području, a nešto manji broj u kontinentalnom dijelu naše zemlje. Od toga, samo tri vrste su prave otrovnice iz porodice ljutica: poskok (Vipera ammodytes) – najpoznatija i najopasnija, prepoznatljiva po roščiću na vrhu njuške i cik-cak šarama; riđovka (Vipera berus) – voli vlažnija staništa, planinske livade i rubove šuma, šara joj je često u obliku spojenih rombova te maleni planinski žutokrug (Vipera ursinii) – naša najmanja i najrjeđa otrovnica, živi isključivo na visokoplaninskim travnjacima (poput Dinare ili Velebita), njezin je otrov najslabiji, usporediv s ubodom pčele ili ose. Sve ostale su ili potpuno bezopasne ili tzv. poluotrovnice čiji ugriz za čovjeka nema ozbiljne posljedice.

Poskok snimljen na otoku Hvaru. Foto: Boris Lauš

AKO ZMIJA NAPADNE, IMA ZA TO RAZLOGA

▪» Zmije nisu agresivne životinje i nikada neće napasti čovjeka bez razloga. One ugriz koriste isključivo kao zadnju liniju obrane kada se osjete stjeranima u kut ili kada ih se slučajno nagazi. Naš strah uglavnom proizlazi iz neznanja; jednom kada naučite prepoznati vrstu i njezino ponašanje, strah zamjenjuje poštovanje prema ovim fascinantnim predatorima koji održavaju ravnotežu u našim šumama i poljima« – poručuje Boris Lauš, poznati herpetolog iz Zagreba, stručnjak za herpetofaunu, entomofaunu i staništa u udruzi ‘Hyla’ koji redovito upozorava na važnost suživota i razbijanje mitova o tim predivnim stvorenjima što su vrlo često neshvaćena i izazivaju nepotreban strah kod ljudi.

Kodeks ponašanja: ‘Oči na vrh glave’ i čvrst korak

Lovci, šumski radnici, poljodjelci su isto kao planinari, izletnici i berači šparoga najizloženija skupina. Osnovna pravila odlaska i kretanja kroz prirodu za njih, ali i ostale ljude, su posve jednostavna:

Odjeća: Čvrsta, visoka obuća (gojzerice) i duge hlače,

Štapovi: Boris Lauš tvrdi da zmije ne čuju zvukove kao mi, već osjećaju vibracije tla. Korištenje planinarskih štapova stvara vibracije koje zmije osjete i uglavnom se povlače prije nego ih uopće vidite, Većina susreta završi bijegom zmije, osim ako se ne osjeti izravno ugroženom jer smo je iznenadili ili nagazili.

Oprez pri odmoru: Prije nego sjednete na kamen ili srušeno stablo, provjerite okolicu. Ne uvlačite ruke u nepregledna mjesta poput rupa u suhozidu ili gustog grmlja.

Boris Lauš i zmajur

Što učiniti ako se ugriz ipak dogodi?

Panika je najveći neprijatelj u takvoj situaciji. No, ako unatoč svoj pažnji dođe do ugriza otrovnice onda postupite na sljedeći način:

1. Ostanite mirni i imobilizirajte ugriženi ekstremitet (kao kod loma),

2. Ne režite ranu, ne isisavajte otrov i ne podvezujte ruku ili nogu, i

3. Što hitnije potražite liječničku pomoć. Ugriz poskoka kod nas rijetko završava kobno za odraslu, zdravu osobu, ali zahtijeva hospitalizaciju i stručni nadzor.

Zakon čuva prirodu (i vaš novčanik)

Biolozi, znanstvenici i ekolozi upozoravaju da su zmije doista ključne za ekosustav jer kontroliraju populaciju glodavaca koji prenose bolesti. U Hrvatskoj su sve zmije strogo zaštićene zakonom. Namjerno uznemiravanje, ubijanje ili uništavanje njihovih staništa povlači stroge sankcije.

Novčane kazne za fizičke osobe po Zakonu o zaštiti prirode kreću se od 929,61 pa sve do 3.984,06 eura (ranije izraženo u kunama od 7.000 do 30.000 kn), dok za pravne osobe mogu doseći i do 26,560 eura (200.000 kuna). Dakle, moramo biti svjesni činjenice da priroda ustvari nije naše vlasništvo i da smo mi u njoj samo gosti, pa stoga u Hrvatskoj postoji i Pravilnik o visini naknade štete (tzv. ‘odštetni cjenik’).

A to znači ako ubijete zmiju, da vam država može naplatiti odštetu po svakoj jedinki, primjerice za poskoka i riđovku 530,89 eura, planinskog žutokruga 1.990,84 eura (zbog iznimne rijetkosti), našu najljepšu zmiju crvenkrpicu (Zamenis situla): 265,45 eura, a za ostale strogo zaštićene neotrovnice uglavnom od 132,72 do 265,45 eura. 

Treba spomenuti i to da se po Kaznenom zakonu ubijanje zmije može tretirati kao kazneno djelo ako je učinjeno s namjerom ili iz objesti. Po čl. 205. (ranije 269.) – Ubijanje ili mučenje životinja – propisana je kazna zatvora do jedne godine, a ako se djelo počini iz koristoljublja i do dvije godine.

Autor teksta Mirko Crnčević

Poštuj, ne strahuj

Reći ćemo i to da priroda ne poznaje ‘dobre’ i ‘loše’ životinje, jer golema većina njih ima svoju važnu ulogu koja se drukčije veoma teško nadomješta. Sljedeći put kad na stazi sretnete zmiju, nemojte posezati za štapom ili kamenom. Zastanite, udahnite i pustite je da mirno prođe. Vi ste zapravo u njezinom dnevnom boravku, gdje su najbolji posjetitelji oni koji za sobom ostavljaju samo tragove stopala, a kući nose tek uspomene i fotografije. Budite i vi jedan od takvih gostiju u prirodi kojeg će ona opet rado primiti u taj areal.

© Mirko Crnčević / InfoCAP, broj 4., POU Capreolus, veljača 2026.

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