Eco Hvar

Pesticides and their adverse effects

Published in Poisons Beware

Scientific evidence of the dangers surrounding chemical pesticides commonly used on Hvar and in other parts of Croatia.

Pesticides and their adverse effects

PART 1: BACKGROUND

Our listing in Part 2 of this information sheet is in alphabetical order and consists of the active ingredients in pesticides by category: 1. insecticides, 2. synergist, 3. fungicides, 4. limacide (molluscicide), 5. rodenticides, 6. herbicides. For each substance we identify the following: the type of poison; known possible adverse effects; approval status in the European Union (EU) and Croatia; some of the commercial products containing the active substance; and the scientific and official sources of information regarding the active substance.

Quick check:

You can check on the current state of approval for pesticides as follows:

Pesticides Europe ('Plant Protection Products'): EU Pesticides Database;

Croatian Phytosanitary Institute (FIS): https://fis.mps.hr/trazilicaszb/

Biocides, Europe: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA);

Croatian Ministry of Health (MIZ) : Registar biocidnih pripravaka – kolovoz 2022 (Biocidal products listed, August 2022).

(For more details on the approval processes for pesticides and biocides, see 'Pesticides, Laws and Permits')

Note re authorizations of chemical pesticides: we believe that the separation of chemical poisons into 'plant protection products' and 'biocides' (see 'Pesticides, Laws and Permits' for more details) leads to confusion about which substances are and are not officially approved. More damagingly, it gives rise to situations where biocides which are banned as 'plant protection' products are used over fields and gardens with crops such as vines, olives, other fruits and vegetables, and so enter the food chain despite being banned. This happens regularly throughout Croatia because of the Pest Suppression Programme.

Approvals in the EU. To check the EU status of the active substances in 'plant protection' products, you should refer to the EU Pesticides Database ('Search Active substances, safeners and synergists'). Each entry includes links to the latest legislation relating to the listed pesticides. On the page 'Active substances, safeners and synergists' enter the name of the plant protection substance you are interested in into the box marked 'Filter results': the main details of approval or otherwise will appear underneath the box.

Please note that the URL (internet link) for the EU database is changed every so often: if the link from this article does not work, you should be able to access the database by using your search engine and typing in EU Pesticides Database.

The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) records approvals of biocidal active substances and products. Its website is the primary source of information about the laws governing biocidal pesticides and their approval processes. You can check its list of substances which are approved, banned or under review on the ECHA website page: mouse over Information on chemicals' in the header; then click on 'Biocidal active substances', under 'BPR' in the submenu; click on 'biocidal active substances' under the heading 'Information on biocides'; click 'search' in the next field, and type the name of the substance in the box marked 'Substance name', click the 'search' button below right; the substance, if identified, will come up as a special listing at the bottom of the page. It will show one or more versions of the substance, giving various details, including approval status; to the right of the entry is a box linking to authorized products based on the active substance; second from right is an 'eye' symbol which opens up the factsheet about the substance..

Note: the names under which pesticide products are marketed in Croatia may not appear on the EU/ECHA listings. The EU and ECHA listings of approved substances do not always agree.

Approvals in Croatia.

'Plant Protection Products' The Croatian Phytosanitary Institution - Fitosanitarni informacijski sustav (FIS) lists the 'plant protection' pesticides approved for use in the Republic of Croatia. It used to have a separate listing of products whose approval has been withdrawn, but that no longer exists in 2021. There are two further sources of information about pesticides in Croatia: 'Agroklub' and 'Agrobase Croatia'. Note: the three Croatian sources sometimes offer conflicting information about approved and banned pesticides.

The search page of the Croatian Ministry of Agriculture's Phytosanitary Information Institution (FIS), which carries the list of approved 'plant protection' pesticides in Croatia, is in English, but details of the pesticides come up in Croatian.

To use the search page, click on 'Pesticide' under 'Search engine', then type in the name of the product in the box labelled Trade Name of 'Plant Protection Product'; if it is registered for use in Croatia, it will appear as a pop-up under the Trade Name box; there may be different varieties of the product using the same name, so you can click on the one you want to enter it into the Trade Name box; then click on the 'search' button at the bottom of the page (if you leave the general name in the box, any varieties will be shown when you have clicked on the search button); click on the product as shown under the search button to find all its details. If no product shows up from the search, it means it is not approved.

To check on registered active ingredients of pesticide products, click on 'Pesticide', then enter the name of the substance in the box 'Active substance included' (do not enter a product name). The search will reveal any products in the FIS listing which contain the chosen substance. Products which are still isted, but whose registration has been withdrawn are highlighted in grey. Click on the number next to a product to see its details. Once the product page is open, any other products containing the same active ingredient will be listed at the right side of the page, making it easy to check through the products one after the other without having to return to the search engine page.

Biocides. In 2016, the Croatian Ministry of Health (MIZ) issued a list of biocidal pesticides which were allowed to be released in the Croatian market up to September 1st 2015 (NN 15/2016, link in Croatian). The Ministry of Health still controls the register of biocidal pesticides allowed in the Croatian market. Applications to be included in the Register of products which can be marketed in Croatia are made to the Minsitry of Health (link in Croatian).

The Ministry of Health's list consists of a spreadsheet, not a database. It is updated at intervals, but it is not always clear whether particular products are still authorized. The August 2022 version carries a warning in red letters at the top of the document that in some cases inclusion in the list is invalid, if all the conditions of approval have not been met. This is confusing. For instance, the 2021 list included some products whose active ingredients were not approved by the ECHA, such as Neopitroid Premium Plus, which contains Prallethrin, a substance still under review by the ECHA as at January 2023, and Permex 22E, which contains Tetramethrin, also still under review as at the beginning of 2023. Another source of confusion arises when a product is sold with different formulations under the same name, such as the insecticide Quickbayt, which in August 2022 was approved with the active ingredient imidacloprid, while the version containing imidacloprid combined with tricosene (musculare) was not authorized. The August 2022 list contained some products without details of their approval date, such as Sprej Despar protiv muha i mrava, active ingredients d-phenothrin, d-allethrin and tetramethrin.

Biocides are regularly sprayed over large areas of Croatia including land used for crop cultivation as part of the Pest Control Programme, giving rise to the risk that banned substances will enter the food chain (see our article 'Poisoning Paradise - a Wake-Up Call' for a description of the problems).

Residues in the food chain. Residues of 'plant protection' and biocidal products are allowed to some degree in the food chain, although 'safe' levels are set mainly according to tests on single substances, whereas the majority of pesticide products consist of more than one active poison. No conclusive testing has ever been done to ascertain the dangers of cocktails of poisons from all sources in the food chain. (See the section  'Maximum Residual Levels' in our article 'Pesticides, Laws and Permits' for further details).

Note: in our text, DDD (which stands for 'Dezinfekcija, dezinsekcija, deratizacija') refers to the Croatian National Pest Control Programme, which is carried out continuously throughout the country. In our overview of active substances and related products, the MIZ and FIS entries are given with the numbers as they appear on the listings.

For an alphabetical listing of pesticide products commonly used in the country, please refer to our article Pesticide Products in Croatia.

Insects are a vital part of the natural chain. Photo: Vivian Grisogono

PART 2: PESTICIDES, ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

1. INSECTICIDES. - ECHA APPROVAL CODE PT18 (Insecticides, acaricides, products to control other arthropods)
 
4,4-DDE (p.p'-DDE) Organochlorine pesticide; metabolite
Chemical transformation product formed by the dehydrhalogenation of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). 4,4-DDE has insecticidal properties but no significant commercial applications.
Possible adverse effects: Very persistent in soil, high bioconcentration; highly toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, In humans: possible carcinogen, endocrine disruptor; highly toxic if swallowed or inhaled; can cause reproduction and developmental effects, neurotoxicant; toxic in contact with skin; skin irritant.
DDT legislation, bans. DDT was banned in the United States in 1972. Its use in agriculture was partially banned in the EU in December 1978, with a total ban in March 1983. The Stockholm Convention, signed on May 22nd 2001 entered into force on May 17th 2004, and committed the signatories to banning or limiting the use of Persistent Organic Pollutants, including DDT; however, limited use against malaria was still allowed, with a register available to the public of signatories who produce and / or use DDT.
Sources: - PubChem 2023, p.p'-DDE
- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pesticide Properties DataBase, 2022. DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, DDT dehydrochloride, p.p'-DDE)
- US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2022. ToxGuide TM for DDT, DDE, and DDD.
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 2022. DDT - A Brief History and Status.
- US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2021. DDT, DDE, DDD
- Environmental Protection Agency (USA), 2000, DDE
HVAR 2022: A Pitve resident tested positive for 4,4-dde in a chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory on 08/12/2022.
 
ABAMECTIN (See Emamectin) Combination of Avermectin B1a & B1b, growth regulator, insecticide, miticide, nematicide, derived from soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis.
Possible adverse effects: extremely toxic to bees, birds; highly toxic to aquatic life: fish, invertebrates, plants, algae and sediment dwelling organisms; toxic to earthworms; highly toxic to humans through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion: can cause problems for reproduction, impairing male fertility; neurological damage including tremors and ataxia; respiratory failure; skin and eye irritation.
EU: Approved 01/05/2009 - 30/04/2023. ECHA: Approved PT18 01/07/2013 - 30/06/2023
Products: Vertimec 018EC, Vertimec Pro, Kraft 18EC
Approvals: ECHA- 20 authorizations (February 2023). Croatia FIS, February 2023, 5 products approved: Vertimec O18EC approved 12/06/2006.- 31/12/2023; Vertimec Pro approved 18/05/2016.-30/04/2023; Kraft 18EC approved 31/01/2007 - 31/12/2023; Apache approved 13/07/2017-30/04/2024; Voliam Targo (abamectin, chlorantraniliprol) approved 26/02/2020-30/04/2024. MIZ: August 2022: no approved products based on Abamectin, Emamectin or Avermectin listed.
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Abamectin
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Abamectin
- University of California, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. Abamectin
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Vertimec 018EC and Kraft 18EC (10.05.2019, 19.06.2019)
2022: Vertimec 018EC used on the palms in the Jelsa Council region.
 
ACETAMIPRID. Neonicotinoid
Possible adverse effects: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment; highly toxic to honeybees if mixed with piperonyl butoxide or propiconazole; harmful for populations of pollinating insects; harmful to birds and earthworms; dangerous for the environment; in humans:- toxic if swallowed; can be fatal if inhaled; skin irritant
EU: Approved 01/03/2018 - 28/02/2033.ECHA: Approved, PT18, 01/02/2020 - 31/01/2027.
Products: Mospilan 20SP, Mospilan 20SG, Acelan 20SP; Volley; Wizzaard; Macho 60FS.
Approvals: ECHA: 1 authorization (February 2023). Croatia FIS: 2 approved products (February 2023): Mospilan 20SG approved 07/10/2015-30/04/2025. Mospilan 20SP approved 30/10/2015-30/04/2025. MIZ: August 2022: 11 acetamiprid products listed: Forth mamac za mrave approved  24/03/2017; Muholov approved 20/12/2018; Strike insekcticid protiv mrava approved 28/12/2016; Strike insekticidna naljepnica protiv muha approved 30/03/2017; Strike mamac za mrave approved 21/10/2016; Strike univerzalni insekticid approved 28/12/2016; Strike univerzalni insekticid koncentrat approved 16/2/2017; Lexan 83SG approved 17/03/2010: Moschina approved 05/02/2010; Sugarkill Gold approved 17/03/2010; Mospilan 20SG, Mospilan 20SP, Acelan 20SP, Volley, Wizzaard, Macho 60FS not approved
Sources: - Iwasa, T., Motoyama, N., Ambrose, J.T., Roe, R.M. 2004. Mechanism for the differential toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Crop Protection 23: 371-378
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Acetamiprid
- Cayman Chemical 2018. Safety Data Sheet: Acetamiprid
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Acetamiprid
USED ON HVAR: Mospilan used by vegetable-growers (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Mospilan 20 SP (24.05.2019, 14.06.2019, 19.06.2019, 26.06.2019).
 
ALLETHRIN, d-ALLETHRIN, d-TRANS ALLETHRIN (Esbiothrin), PRALLETHRIN,  Synthetic pyrethroids
Possible adverse effects: Very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; toxic to honey-bees and earthworms; moderately toxic to birds; harmful to humans if swallowed or inhaled.
EU: Not approved. ECHA: Allethrin, trans-Allethrin (bioallethrin), d-Trans Allethrin (Esbiothrin) not approved; d-Allethrin & Prallethrin under evaluation as at February 2023. Croatia FIS: not approved. 
Products: Neopitroid Premium (allethrin, permethrin and piperonyl butoxide); Neopitroid Premium Plus (permethrin, prallethrin with piperonyl butoxide); Neopitroid EC100, (prallethrin, cypermethrin); Unitox aerosol protiv muha i komaraca, (allethrin with deltamethrin & piperonyl butoxide);
Approvals: EU, ECHA, Croatia FIS: February 2023, No approved products  MIZ: August 2022: c. 69 products containing Prallethrin listed: 1243 Biokill Extra (prallethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin), approved 24/06/2014; 1383 Raid sprej protiv gmuzećih insekata (prallethrin, IR-trans phenothrin), approved 10/06/2015; 1384 Raid sprej protiv muha i komaraca (prallethrin, IR-trans phenothrin), approved 10/06/2015; 1397 Bengal spirale (prallethrin), approved 19/06/2015; 1398 Bengal tekućina (prallethrin), approved 19/06/2015; 1399 Bengal tablete (prallethrin), approved 23/06/2015; 1752 Bado ose i stršljene (prallethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 21/04 /2022; 1769 Bengal sprej protiv svih insekata (prallethrin), approved 08/05/2017; 1780 Bio Kill Extra micro-fast (prallethrin), approved 05/09/2017; 1781 Bio Kill Extra Micro-Fast (prallethrin), approved 28/09/2017; 1819 Biosekt univerzalni insekticid (prallethrin, permethrin), approved 16/02/2022; 1872 Bombex ® Farumy ® (prallethrin), approved 31/05/2016; 1892 Bros električni aparat + tablete protiv komaraca II (prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 27/09/2018; 1893 Bros električni aparat + tekućina protiv komaraca za djecu (prallethrin), approved 24/01/2018; 1894 Bros električni aparat + tekućina protiv komaraca / tekućina protiv komaraca za električni aparat 1, (prallethrin), approved 01/02/2018; 1901 Bros Spirale protiv komaraca i mušica I (prallethrin), approved 27/09/2016; 1904 BROS Sprej protiv osa i stršljena I (prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 07/01/2020; 1915 Bugster EC (prallethrin, cypermethrin), approved 18/02/2019; 1985 CleanKill Extra Micro-Fast (prallethrin), approved 18/02/2021; 1986 Clean Kill Original Plus (prallethrin), approved 18/02/2021; 2059 Cyparbio caps (prallethrin, cypermethrin), approved 04/03/2019; 2133 Despar Električni uređaj i tekući refil za zaštitu od komaraca i muha (prallethrin), approved 28/04/2022; 2135 Despar tablete za zaštitu od komaraca i tigrastih komaraca u kućanstvu (prallethrin), approved 23/03/2022; 2136 Despar Tekući refil za el. uređaj za zaštitu od komaraca i muha (prallethrin), approved 23/03/2022; 2265 Effect Microtech CS PRO (prallethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 01/07/2020; 2269 Effect Protect Uložak za el. isparivač protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 25/03/2020; 2331 Forth Uložak za el isparivač protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 13/05/2016; 2342 Fulmin protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 01/04/2021; 2384 Good Night Mosquito Coil - spirala protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 06/05/2020; 2557 Killtox tablete za el. aparat protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 03/06/2016; 2558 Killtox tekućina za električni aparat protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 03/06/2016; 2774 Neo Alfa + Turbo (prallethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 09/02/2022; 2778 Neopitroid EC 100 (prallethrin, cypermethrin), approved 06/05/2019; 2781 Neopitroid Premium Plus (prallethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 29/06/2022; 2805 Nooze liquido antizanzare plus (prallethrin), approved 19/07/2019; 2806 Nooze spirali antizanzare plus (prallethrin), approved 05/12/2019; 2842 Orphea spirala protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 31/01/2022; 2905 Phobi Aurodil Super PB+ (prallethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 09/02/2022; 2922 Pitroid tablete protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 08/09/2016; 2923 Pitroid spirale citronella (prallethrin), approved 02/01/2027; 2924 Pitroid spirale neutral (prallethrin), approved 08/09/2016; 2925 Pitroid tekuće punjenje (prallethrin), approved 02/01/2017; 3019 Raid spirale protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 17/12/2015; 3022 Raid sprej protiv muha i komaraca, miris cvijeta naranče (prallethrin), approved 29/09/2017; 3023 Raid sprej protiv muha i komaraca, miris eukaliptisa (prallethrin), approved 12/01/2016; 3025 Raid tekućina za el. aparatić, miris cvijeta naranče (prallethrin), approved 31/01/2018; 3026 Raid tekućina za el. aparatić, miris eukaliptisa (prallethrin), approved 04/01/2016; 3027 Raid tekućina za el. aparatić, miris lavande (prallethrin), approved 02/01/2017; 3028 Raid tekućina za el. aparatić, miris ruže i sandalovine (prallethrin), approved 18/06/2020; 3029 Raid® sprej za ose i stršljene (prallethrin), approved 07/02/2022; 3318 Strike spirale protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 30/03/2017; 3350 Tekućina za komarce - Fumisect (prallethrin), approved 18/06/2020; 3427 Universal Pitroid (prallethrin, cyclopropane carboxylate), approved 26/05/2020; 138 Bayer Garden tekućina za aparat protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 28/09/2011; 139 Bayer Garden ulošci za aparat protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 28/09/2011; 156 Bio Kill Extra (prallethrin, lamba-cyhalothrin), approved 04/02/2014; 225 BROS el aparat + tekućina protiv komaraca / BROS tekućina protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 05/02/2011; 226 BROS el aparat + tekućina protiv komaraca za djecu stariju od jedne godine (prallethrin), approved 28/09/2013; 235 BROS sprej protiv moljaca (prallethrin, d-phenothrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/07/2012; 236 BROS sprej protiv muha i komaraca (prallethrin, d-phenothrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 25/07/2012; 498 Fulmine tablete protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 20/02/2012; 679 Laminirane tablete K plus ZAZ protiv muha i komaraca 30/1 (prallethrin), approved 21/03/2014; 711 Mercator el. isparivač protiv kom. s uloškom / Mercator uložak za el. isparivač protiv komaraca (prallethrin), approved 16/07/2012; 950 Raid Silver tekućina za elaparat (prallethrin), approved 19/03/2010; 958 Refill Despar tekući za el. aparat za 45 noći (prallethrin), approved 21/05/2014; 1081 Spirala K Plus ZAZ protiv kom. 10/1 (prallethrin), approved 21/03/2014; 1117 Sting (prallethrin, permethrin), approved 09/12/2010; 1140 Tablete Despar protiv komaraca 30 kom (prallethrin), approved 21/05/2014; 1155 Tekuće punjenje plus ZAZ protiv komaraca i malih insekata (prallethrin), approved 21/03 /2014.
d-Allethrin: 14 products listed; 2425 Hit flying insect killer (d-allethrin), approved 29/04/2020; 227 BROS Fenjer protiv komaraca / BROS tablete za fenjer protiv komaraca (d-allethrin, piperonyl butoxide) 03/10/2012; 237 BROS štapići protiv komaraca (d-allethrin), approved 15/12/2011; 497 Fulmine spirale protiv komaraca (d-allethrin), approved 20/02/2012; 878 Pitroid spirale citronella (d-allethrin), approved 12/06/2009; 879 Pitroid spirale citronella neutral (d-allethrin), approved 12/06/2009; 944 Raid laminirane tablete za el. aparat (d-allethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 14/07/2010; 951 Raid spirale protiv komaraca new (d-allethrin), approved 14/07/2010; 1082 Spirale Despar protiv komaraca (d-allethrin), approved 21/05/2014; 1083 Spirale Despar protiv komaraca 10/1 citronella (d-allethrin), approved 21/05/2014; 1087 Sprej Despar protiv muha i komaraca (d-allethrin, d-phenothrin), approved 21/05/2014; 1088 Sprej Despar protiv muha i komaraca (d-allethrin, d-tetramethrin), no approval date; 1089 Sprej despar protiv žohara i mrava (d-allethrin, d-phenothrin), approved 21/05/2014; 1090 Sprej Despar protiv žohara i mrava (d-allethrin, d-phenothrin, d-tetramethrin), no approval date. trans-Allethrin, d-trans Allethrin: 4 products listed: 140 Baygon el.aparatić s tabletama (d-cis trans allethrin), approved 02/11/2011; 668 Komtoks (bioallethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 10/07/2013; 945 Raid lanterna punjenje za svjetiljku protiv komaraca (d-cis trans allethrin), approved 14/07/2010; 952 Raid sprej muhe i komarci (d-cis, trans allethrin), approved 10/10/2011.
Allethrin: one, 1186. Unitox aerosol protiv muha i komaraca listed (allethrin, deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 30/12/2013. Neopitroid Premium approved July 2011, banned 2022.
Sources:
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Allethrin
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023: Allethrin
USED ON HVAR: 2018. Neopitroid Premium was used for insect suppression in the Sućuraj area on July 3rd and August 11th 2018.
USED IN NORTHERN CROATIA: DDD programme, Neopitroid Premium was used, for instance, for aerial spraying in the Vukovar-Srijem County (2014) and Osijek-Baranja County (2019); fogging actions in Velika Gorica and Glina (2021).
HVAR 2022: A Pitve resident tested positive for Allethrin in a chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory on 08/12/2022.
 
ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN (ALPHAMETHRIN). Synthetic pyrethroid.
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish, most aquatic organisms and honeybees; extremely toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; toxic to earthworms; possible human carcinogen; can cause organ damage, respiratory irritation, irreversible eye damage; serious water pollutant.
EU: alpha-cypermethrin, (also beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin) not approved. ECHA: alpha-cypermethrin approved, PT18, 01/07/2016 - 30/06/2026; beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin not approved (February 2023)
Alpha-cypermethrin products: Fastac 10 EC, Neopitroid Alfa, Antec, Contest, Fendona, Littac, Tenopa.
Approvals: ECHA: 14 authorizations (February 2023)
Croatia FIS: No approved products (February 2023). Fastac 10EC, Fastac 10SC; Neopitroid Alfa, Antec, Contest, Fendona, Littac, Tenopa not approved. MIZ: August 2022, 1 product listed: Alfasect, approved 27/12/2014.
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Alpha-cypermethrin.
- El Okda, E-S., Abdel-Hamid, M. A-A., Hamdy, A.M. 2017. Immunological and genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to alpha-cypermethrin pesticide. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. Vol 30 (4) 603-615.
- Bej, S., Mukherjee, D., Saha, N.C. 2015. Acute toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin to oligochaete worm, Branchiura sowerbyi (Beddard 1982) along with their behavioural responses. International Journal of Scientific Research. 1:12, 325- 326.
- Wast, N., Gupta, A.K., Prakash, M.M., Gaherwal, S. 2014. Toxic Effect of Alphamethrin 10 EC on Freshwater Fish, Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859). World Applied Sciences Journal 30 (6): 782-786.
- Kemabonta, K., Akinhanmi, F.O. 2013. Toxicological Effects of Chlorpyrifos, Dichlorvos and Alpha Cypermethrin on Adult Albino Mice, Mus Musculus. Production, Agriculture and Technology. 9 (2): 1-17.
- Sarikaya, R., 2009. Investigation of Acute Toxicity of Alpha-Cypermethrin on Adult Nile Tilapia (Oreochromos niloticus L.). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 9: 85-89
USED ON HVAR: Fastac EC has been used against fruit fly, especially in olive groves, by many individual agriculturalists. (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Fastac 10EC (14.06.2019, 19.06.2019)
 
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE insecticide, acaricide, rodenticide, fumigant
Possible adverse effects: Highly damaging to the environment, especially the aquatic environment; highly inflammable: in contact with water releases gases capable of spontaneous combustion; extremely toxic to humans, can be fatal if swallowed or inhaled; harmful through skin contact; can cause serious eye damage; damages the nervous system, causing delirium, coma and loss of consciousness; can cause cardiovascular disturbances (including dysrhythmia, transient atrial fibrillation, left ventricular failure); if ingested, can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, severe thirst and renal failure.
EU: approved 01/09/2009-31/08/2023; ECHA: approved PT14 rodenticides 01/09/2011-31/07/2024; approved PT18 (insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods) 01/02/2012-31/07/2024; approved PT20 (control of other vertebrates) 01/07/2015-30/06/2025. 
Approved products: ECHA, April 2023: PT14 10 product approvals; PT18 3 product approvals; PT20 1 product approval; (renewal applications in progress for all categories). Croatia FIS, April 2023, 5 products: Phostoxin kuglice (15/09/2005-31/12/2023); Phostoxin pelete (20/06/2005-31/12/2023); Phostoxin tablete (30/08/2005-31/12/2023); Gastoxin Pellet (16/02/2021-31/08/2023); Quickphos 3G Tablets (08/03/2023-31/08/2024). MIZ (August 2022) no approved products    
- PubChem 2023: Aluminium Phosphide
- Gurjar, M., Baronia, A.K., Azim, A., Sharma, K. 2011. Managing aluminium phosphide poisonings. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock, 4 (3): 378-384 (Jul-Sept 2011), 82 references
- Sedaghattalab, M. 2022. Treatment of critical aluminium phosphide (rice tablet) poisoning with high-dose insulin: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 16, article number 192 (2022), 10 references
 
AQUATAIN AMF. Silicone-based liquid larvicide (film over the surface of standing water causes pupae and larvae to suffocate)
Possible adverse effects: can damage non-target organisms which depend on the water surface for respiration and movement.
EU: European Commission exempted Aquatain from registration due to its mode of action.
USED ON HVAR: DDD programme, 2017 Stari Grad region 9 litres, 23-25 May; Jelsa region 16 litres, 19-22 May 2017.
 
AVERMECTIN (see Abamectin)
 
AZAMETHIPHOS. Organophosphate, designed for use on target areas, not for spraying in the air; mainly used against flies in enclosed spaces, on horses, cattle, pigs and chickens.
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; toxic to birds; acutely toxic to humans if swallowed or inhaled; can cause headache, weakness, nervousness, sweating, vomiting and difficulty swallowing. Exposure to extremely high levels may result in muscular twitching, eye pain, slurred speech, colic, hyper-salivation, heart complaints, breathing difficulties, convulsions and unconsciousness; also causes eye and skin irritation on contact
EU / ECHA: not approved.
Products: Muhomor; Desintec NeoEx, Twenty 1 WP, Aeroxon sredsvto protiv muha (leptir i bubamare), BROS naljepnica protiv muha
Approvals: ECHA: no approved products (February 2023). Croatia FIS: No approved products (February 2023). Muhomor not approved  MIZ: August 2022, 10 Azamethiphos products approved: 26. Aeroxon sredsvto protiv muha approved 05/11/2012. 231 BROS naljepnica protiv muha approved 27/12/2012; 484. Fly Select, approved 03/07/2013; 758. Muhomor AZ, approved 25th May 2014; 1184. Twenty 1 WP approved 21/04/2011; 1277. S-Budget ljepjiva traka za muhe, approved 09/10/2014; 1281 LD 100 A, approved 13/10/2014; 1608. Alphi / Twenty i WP, approved 10/04/2019; 2129. Desintec NeoEx approved 07/02/2017; 2130 Desintec NeoEx 10%, approved 07/02/2017.,  
Sources: - Pub Chem Open Chemistry Database: 2023. Azamethiphos
- European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products 1999. Azamethiphos, Summary Report.
- Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Azamethiphos. Scottish Pollutant Release Directory.
- University of Hertfordshire. Azamethiphos. Veterinary Substances Database.
- Pesticides Action Network (PAN) Europe. 2006. What substances are banned and authorized in the EU market?
- Muhomor. 2017. Muhomor je insekticid topiv u vodi. Djelatna tvar: Azametifos u koncentraciji 10%. Genera, Jedna kompanija za Jedno zdravlje.
USED ON HVAR Muhomor used against flies around rubbish bins and rubbish dumps 2017: Hvar Town and surrounds, (with Microfly) 20th June, (with Microfly) 13th July, 11th August heat-spray fogging in rubbish dumps; 28th September, 12th October fogging in rubbish dumps. Total quantity 40.5 kg; Stari Grad and surrounds, Muhomor 33 kg, Jelsa Council area 31.5 kg, May, July, August, September 2017. 2018: around Hvar Town, 25th July, 16th August, 4th September - total quantity 9 kg.
Organophosphates were not approved under the Insect Control Programme of Measures and Implementation Plans issued by the Split-Dalmatian County Public Health Institute in 2017 and 2018, yet Muhomor was used on Hvar in both years, also in 2019.
 
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS subsp. ISRAELENSIS (Bti);  BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS subsp. kurstaki. Soil bacterium.
Possible adverse effects: can interfere with reproduction in birds; can cause eye and skin irritation in humans and animals; may disturb essential wetland organisms; long-term use perhaps causes loss of biodiversity in the environment.
EU: Bt subsp. israelensis Serotype H14, strain AM65-52 approved 01/05/2009 - 30/04/2023; Bt subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351 approved 01/05/2009-30/04/2023.  ECHA: Bt subsp. israelensis Serotype H14, strain AM65-52 approved, PT18 01/10/2013 - 30/09/2023; Bt subsp. israelensis, strain SA3A approved 01/07/2016 - 30/06/2026; Bt subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351 approved 01/03/2017 - 28/02/2027. Bt subsp. israelensis serotype H14 no longer approved.
Product: Baturad WP. (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, SOJ: PB 54)
Approvals:  ECHA: Bt subsp. israelensis Serotype H14, strain AM65-11 authorizations; Bt subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351 1 related authorized biocidal product. Bt subsp. israelensis, strain SA3A no related authorized biocidal products;
Croatia FIS, February 2023, 3 types of Bacillus thuringiensis - out of 9 listed - had approved products: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, SOJ: ABTS 351, Zbirka kulture br. ATCC SD-1275 3 products Biobit WP 16/08/2001-31/12/2023; Foray 48 B 25/05/2006-31/12/2023; Dipel DF 23/09/2020-30/04/2024; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, SOJ: PB 54, Zbirka kulture: br. CECT 7209 1 product, Baturad approved 03/12/2004.-31/12/2023; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, SOJ: EG 2348, Zbirka kulture: br. NRRL B-18208 1 product, Lepinox Plus 10/08/2020-30/04/2024. MIZ: August 2022: No approved products, Baturad not approved
Sources: - Washington State Department of Health. Mosquito Larvicide - Bti.
- Siegel, J.P., Shadduck, J.A. 1990. Mammalian Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. in: de Barjac, H., Sutherland, D.J. eds, Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes and Blackflies. pub. Unwin Hymen, London, pp. 202- 2017 
- Lacey, L.A., Merritt, R.W. c.2001. The Safety of Bacterial Microbial Agents Used for Control of Blackfly and Mosquito Control in Aquatic Environments. (PDF document. Authors affiliated to USA Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory and Michigan State University respectively.)
- Poulin, B., Lefebre, G., Paz, L., 2010. Red flag for green spray: adverse trophic effects of Bti on breeding birds. Journal of Applied Ecology. Vol.47, Issue 4, 884-889.
- Maletz, S., Wollenweber, M., Kubiak, K., Müller, A., Schmitz, S., Maier, D., Hecker, M., Hollert, H.. 2015. Investigation of potential endocrine disrupting effects of mosquito larvicidal Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) formulations. The science of the total environment. Vol.536, 729-738.
USED ON HVAR: 2017: 22nd September, 2018: 19th September, Baturad was used on 3 hectares of woodland around the Hvar Town region against the Pine Processionary Moth caterpillars, quantity 600 litres each time.
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Baturad WP (14.06.2019)
2019: Baturad (or Decis or Imidan or Rogor) recommended by a well-respected Hvar olive oil producer, to be used in May and June against olive moth (prays oleae, Croatian: maslinin moljac)
 
CARBARYL. Carbamate
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to mammals, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic crustaceans, bees, earthworms. Can be fatal in humans; possible carcinogen and endocrine disruptor; possibly damaging for reproduction and development; can cause cholinesterase inhibition, blurred vision, tears, headaches, memory loss, rhinorrhoea (discharge of thin nasal mucus), salivation; sweating, muscle weakness, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea; tremors, cyanosis, convulsions and skin irritation.
EU, ECHA: Not approved
Product: Sevin. Combined with limacide Metaldehyde in Lily Miller Slug, Snail and Insect Killer Bait, and for Ortho Bug-Geta Plus.  
Approvals: Croatia FIS (February 2023) No approved products. MIZ (August 2022): No approved products. Sevin not approved
Sources: - ECHA. Carbaryl Substance Infocard- University of Hertfordshire PPDB, 2023. Carbaryl.
- University of Hertfordshire PPDB, 2023. Carbaryl.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Carbaryl.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Carbaryl Factsheet.
WAS USED LONG-TERM IN CROATIA, especially for fruit thinning, applied two to three weeks after full flowering of the trees. (Refs: Radivojević et al. 2011. Effect of chemical and hand thinning young apple tree on yield and fruit quality. Proceedings, 46th Croatian and 6th International Symposium on Agriculture, Opatija Croatia, pp 1044-1047. Croatian Agriculture Ministry, article in Croatian). However, it is no longer authorized for this use in Croatia.
 
CHLORPYRIFOS. Organophosphate.
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to honeybees, birds, fish, aquatic organisms; moderately toxic to earthworms, algae and aquatic plants; in humans can cause nausea, dizziness, confusion, and respiratory paralysis and death; causes neurodevelopmental defects in children; can harm mother and foetus during pregnancy; can cause acute muscle paralysis and weakness, also breathing difficulties, depression, and double vision in humans, dogs and cats; overexposure can cause weakness, ataxia (uncoordinated movements), proprioceptive dysfunctions (disturbed awareness of posture and movements), particularly of the hind legs, and paralysis in animals, including dogs and cats.
EU / ECHA: not approved.
Products: Pyrinex 48 EC, Pyrinex 250 CS, Dursban E48, Nufos
Approvals: ECHA/Croatia FIS (February 2023) No approved products. [FIS: Pyrinex 48 EC was finally banned in Croatia on 31/01/2019; 16/02/2020, registration was withdrawn from all chlorpyrifos products, including Pyrinex 250 CS, Dursban E48, Nufos, with a final sell-by date of 16/03/2020, final use-by date 16/04/2020.] MIZ (August 2022) no approved products.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency 2016. Revised Human Health Risk Assessment on Chlorpyrifos.
- United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE) 2016. Changes to Authorisations for Products Containing Chlorpyrifos. (Use restricted to spraying brassica seedlings only, all existing stocks of chlorpyrifos to be destroyed)
- Eng, M.L., Stutchbury, B.J.M., Morrissey, C.A. 2017. Imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos insecticides impair migratory ability in a seed-eating songbird. Scientific Reports, 7., article no. 15176.
- Junquera, P. article updated 2017. CHLORPYRIFOS: SAFETY SUMMARY for VETERINARY USE in DOGS, CATS, HORSES, CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, SWINE and POULTRY. Poisoning, intoxication, overdose, antidote. Parasitipedia.net
- United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 2018. Lulac (11 Petitioners, including Pesticide Action Network (PANNA), Farmworker Justice GreenLatinos, Learning Disabilities Association of America, Farmworkers Association of Florida) v. Wheeler (for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) EPA ordered to revoke all tolerances and cancel all registrations for chlorpyrifos within 60 days: Chlorpyrifos banned in the United States.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Chlorpyrifos.
- Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) August 2018. Chlorpyrifos factsheet (with 40 references)
USED ON HVAR: 2016, Pyrinex 48 EC used on bushes and trees in Jelsa's public park preventively against aphids
 
CYPERMETHRIN. Synthetic pyrethroid.
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to cats, bees, earthworms, aquatic insects and fish, highly toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; toxic to a lesser degree to birds.; in humans, classified as a possible cause of cancer; can cause organ damage, skin numbness or burning, respiratory irritation, loss of bladder control, vomiting, loss of co-ordination, coma, seizures, and death; probable reproduction/developmental toxin.
EU: Approved 01/02/2022 - 31/01/2029, on condition that it is not used when plants of any kind are in flower (legislation 24/22/2021). ECHA: Approved, PT18, 01/06/2020 - 31/05/2030
Approvals: ECHA: 6 authorizations (PT18) Croatia FIS (February 2023): Kofumin 308EC (cypermethrin) approved 07/05/2015- 01/02/2025; Cythrin MAX (cypermethrin) approved 23/06/2015 -01/2/2025; Columbo 0,8 MG (cypermethrin) 28/05/2021-01/ 02/2025; Picador 1,6 MG (cypermethrin) 06/12/2021-01/02(2025; Sherpa 100 EW (cypermethrin) 10/03/2022 - 01/02/2025. Kofumin 77UL, Cymina Aqua, Cymina 10, Cymina Ultra, Cymina Plus, Cipex, Microfly not approved
MIZ August 2022, c.53 products listed, of which only 15 were based on cypermethrin alone, one on alphacypermethrin and two on cypermethrin cis.trans.
64. Amplat (suspension) (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 11/03/2010; 65. Amplat (emulsion) (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) 11/09/2009; 91. Aquacip (cypermethrin) 29/03/2010; 92. Cymina 10 (cypermethrin) approved 10/02/2011; 25. Aeroxon prah protiv mrava (cypermethrin) approved 07/06/2013; 218. Bogaclean Flea Fogger (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins & pyrethroids, S-metropen) approved 31/12/2013; 232. Bros prašak protiv insekata (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 03/11/2011; 241. Bros sprej protiv osa i stršljenova (cypermethrin, permethrin, tetramethrin) approved 16/08/2012; 305. Cit-Spritz - (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract, piperonyl butoxide, cypermethrin cis/trans) approved 08/02/2010; 342. Cymina Ultra (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 04/02/2011; 343. Cymina Ultra (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 04/02/2011;344. Cyperbase (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 24/03/2014; 345. Cypesect Caps (cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 27/12/2012; 452. Draker 10.2 (cypermethrin, tetramethrin) approved 05/02/2010; 453. Draker RTU (cypermethrin, tetramethrin) approved 02/10/2012; 457. Duracid prašivo cypermethrin approved 01/02/2011; 458. Duracid sprej (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 01/02/2011; 480. Final Universal Ungezieferspray (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin) approved 26/09/2013; 494. Foval CE (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 04/11/2010; 495. Foval komarci i muhe (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 29/12/2010; 684. LD100 D (cypermethrin) approved 02/07/2013; 749. Mount sprej žohar (cypermethrin, deltamethrin) approved 19/11/2012; 946. Raid Max sprej protiv mrava i žohara (cypermethrin, imiprothrin) approved 29/09/2017; 962. Rotryn 50 (concentrated for emulsion) (cypermethrin) approved 19/04/2010; 963. Rotryn 50 (EC concentrated emulsion) (cypermethrin cis-trans) approved 19/04/2010; 1149. Tator (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 25/02/2011; 1224. WACIP 1000 (cypermethrin) approved 12/03/2010; 1297. Alfasect (alpha-cypermethrin) approved 27/12/2014; 1897. BROS prašak protiv mrava III cypermethrin approved 11 9 2017; 1899. Bros prašak protiv muha I (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 06/02/2019; 1915. Bugster EC (cypermethrin, prallethrin) approved 22/02/2016; 1965. Chromorel P (cypermethrin) approved 18/02/2019; 1981. Cimetrol Super EW (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, piriproxyfen) approved 08/04/2020; 2058. Cyperfum (cypermethrin, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract) approved 04/11/2021; 2059. Cyprabio Caps (cypermethrin, prallethrin) approved 04/03/2019; 2061. Cytrol 10/4 ULV (cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 15/01/2020; 2125. Desintec InsektEx Eartag (cypermethrin) approved 08/07/2017; 2240. Draker ONE (cypermethrin) approved 07/01/2020; 2423. Hit Chalk prah protiv žohara (cypermethrin) approved 06/05/2020; 2424, Hit crawling insect killer (cypermethrin, imiprothrin) approved 11/05/2020; 2463. Indusect EC (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 07/06/2017; 2464. Indusect ME (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 08/06/2017; 2556. Killtec Ultra (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract) approved 30/10/2019; 2730. Mirmex GR (cypermethrin) approved 07/01/2020; 2773. Neo Alfa (cypermethrin) 16/01/2018; 2774. Neo Alfa + turbo (cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide, prallethrin) approved 9 12 2022; 2778. Neopitroid EC 100 (cypermethrin, prallethrin) approved 06/05/2019; 2802. Nooze insetticida liquido microincapsulato (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 01/06/2020; 2804. Nooze insetticida liquido spray S&F (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 28/02/2020; 3020. Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris cvijeta naranče (cypermethrin, imiprothrin) approved 29/09/2017; 3021. Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris eukaliptisa (cypermethrin imiprotrin) approved 18/03/2010; 3038. Ring'O (cypermethrin) approved 20/09/2019; 3346. Tator (cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 21/02/2019.   Cymina Plus, Cipex10E, Cythrin Max, Microfly not approved.
-U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs. 2016. Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Annual Cancer Report.
-Aggarwal, P., Jamshed, N., Ekka, M., Imran A. 2015. Suicidal poisoning with cypermethrin: A clinical dilemma in the emergency department. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock. 8:2 123-125
-PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Cypermethrin.
- U.S.Environmental Protection Agency 2008. Re-registration Eligibility Decision for Cypermethrin
- World Health Organization 1989. Environmental Health Criteria 82. Cypermethrin.
USED ON HVAR, DDD insect suppression programme: 2017: Hvar Town region, total quantity of Microfly used: 14 kg.  Total quantity of Cipex used: 13 litres. 2017. Stari Grad Cipex total, 8 litres, Microfly 7 kg; Jelsa, Cipex 10 litres, Microfly 5 kg. 2018: Hvar Town region, Cipex total quantity 13 litres; Microfly 10.5L. Stari Grad region: Cipex 2L, Microfly 3L, Jelsa Council area Microfly 4 litres,  Cipex 3 litres
2019, 2020 Microfly used for insect suppression (DDD programme) on Hvar.
2019: Cythrin Max 250EC recommended by a well-respected olive oil producer: Caythrin Max 250EC to be used in May against olive moth (prays oleae, Croatian: maslinin moljac)
2021: Neo Alfa used for insect suppression (DDD programme) on Hvar, according to the initial statement from DDD firm Ekocijan, but  they stated later that the substance used was Neopitroid Alfa.
2022: Neo Alfa used for insect suppression by fogging (DDD programme) on Hvar.
 
DELTAMETHRIN. Synthetic pyrethroid.
Possible adverse effects: Toxic to bees; highly toxic to cats; extremely toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; toxic to fish; also to aquatic herbivorous insects, causing increased algae; in humans can cause ataxia, convulsions leading to muscle fibrillation and paralysis, dermatitis, oedema, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, headache, hepatic microsomal enzyme induction, irritability, peripheral vascular collapse, rhinorrhoea, serum alkaline phosphatase elevation, tinnitus, tremors, vomiting and death due to respiratory failure. Possible allergic reactions: anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, eosinophilia, fever, hypersensitivity pneumonia, pallor, pollinosis, sweating, sudden swelling of the face, eyelids, lips and mucous membranes, and tachycardia.
EU: Approved: 01/11/2003 - 31/10/2023. ECHA: Approved, PT18, 01/10/2013 - 30/09/2023.
Products: Butoflin, Crackdown, Decis 2.5 EC, Decis 100 EC, Decis Trap, Scatto, Rotor Super, Poleci, Poleci Plus, Raid Max Bug Killer, Raid Max Spider, Scorpion Killer. Eco Trap; Bros insect spray (with tetramethrin & piperonyl butoxide), Bross, Deltacaps 50CS, Deltasect 015RTU; Deltasect 1,2 ULV; K-Othrine SC 25; Mount Sprej žohar (with cypermethrin); Somi; Strike Flow SC 4,5; Unitox Aerosol protiv muha i komaraca (with Allethrin & piperonyl butoxide);
Approvals: ECHA: 99 authorizations (February 2023) Croatia FIS February 2023, 18 products approved: (986) Scatto approved 12/07/2016 -31/10/2023; (999) Rotor Super approved 10/08/2016-31/10/2023; (829) Poleci approved 15/01/2014-14/01/2024; (965) Poleci Plus approved 11/05/2016-31/10/2023. (175) Decis 2.5 approved 02/03/2000 - 31/12/2023; (946) Decis 100EC approved 18/03/2016 - 31/10/2023. (909) Decis trap mediteranska voćna muha approved 23/09/2015 - 31/10/2023; (1368) Decis Trap trešnjina muha, approved 10/06/2021-31/10/2023; (740) Eco Trap, approved 29/11/2011-31/10/2023; (944) K-Obiol EC 25 (deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 01/03/2016-31/10/2024; (1156) Ritmus, approved 06/06/2018-31/10/2023; 1187) Granprotec, approved 21/12/2018-31/10/2023; (1224) Demetrina 25EC, approved 24/07/2019-31/10/2023; (1360) Grial, approved 20/04/2021-31/10/2023; (1432) Deltagri, approved 20/04/2021-31/10/2023; (1497) Decis Trap Suzukii, approved 01/08/2022-31/10/2023; (1507) Delmur Trap Dacus, approved 28/09/2022-31/10/2024; (1508) Delmur Trap, approved 29/09/2022-31/10/2024; . Decis 1,25EC, Decis 6,25EC not approved, MIZ: August 2022, ten products listed: (228) Bros insect spray  approved 25/07/2012; (240) Bross approved 11/12/2013; (352) Deltacaps 50 CS approved 04/11/2013; (353) Deltasect approved 31/01/2013: (354) Deltasect 015RTU approved 05/11/2013; (355) Deltasect 1,2 ULV approved 05/11/2013; (669) K-Othrine SC 25 approved 02/10/2009; (749) Mount Sprej žohar approved 19/11/2012; (1021) Somi approved 13/06/2013; (1118) Strike Flow SC 7,5 approved 13/02/2013; (1186) Unitox Aerosol protiv muha i komaraca approved 10/12/2013; Decis 1,25EC, Decis 6,25EC,Decis Trap, Poleci, Poleci Plus, Scatto, Rotor Super not approved
- PubChem, Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Deltamethrin.
- Dai, P-L., Wang, Q., Sun, J-H., Liu, F., Wang, X., Wu, Y-Y., Z. T. 2009. Effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin and deltamethrin on fecundity, grogod.wth, and development of the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica. Environmental Toxicology. 29-3, 644-649
- Parasitipedia.net. Deltamethrin: Safety Summary for Veterinary Use
ON HVAR: Deltamethrin was on the list of pesticides recommended for use around Hvar Town, Stari Grad and the Jelsa Council area, under the Programme issued by the Split-Dalmatian County Public Health Institute for 2017 and 2018.
2018: Croatian Agriculture-Forestry Advisory Section for the Split-Dalmatian county recommended Deltamethrin and the products Decis 100EC, Decis 2.5EC, Scatto, Rotor Super, and Poleci Plus were recommended for use on Hvar and in other olive-growing areas against fruit-flies in July 2018.
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Scatto and Poleci Plus (14.06.2019, 13.09.2019, 27.09.2019); Decis 2.5 EC, Decis 100 EC, Rotor Super (14.06.2019, 19.06.2019, 13.09.2019, 27.09.2019); Eco Trap (13.09.2019)
 
DIFLUBENZURON. Benzamide insecticide, Insect Growth Regulator (Disruptor) (IGR).
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to freshwater and marine invertebrates; moderately toxic to fish and earthworms; slightly toxic to birds; affected haemoglobin in animal studies; can cause breathing difficulties in humans; direct contact can be harmful to skin and eyes; metabolites are possible human carcinogens.
EU: not approved as from 31/12/2020. ECHA: Approved, PT18, 01/02/2015 - 31/01/2025.
Products: Dimilin GR-2; Dimilin TB2; Dimilin SC 45; Dimilin SC-48 (diflubenzuron with 4-chlorophenyl-amino-carbonyl) , Flubex
Approvals: ECHA, February 2023: 8 approved products. Croatia FIS April 2023, Dimilin SC48 nolonger approved, Flubex not approved MIZ:August 2022, 4 products listed: (404) Dimilin SC 15 approved 10/08/2009;  (405) Dimilin SC48 approved 14/01/2010, (403) Dimilin GR2, approved 10/08/2009; (403) Dimilin TB2, approved 10/08/2009; Flubex not approved
Sources: - United States Environmental Protection Agency 1997. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (R.E.D.): Diflubenzuron.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database, updated 2021. Diflubenzuron.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database, updated 2021. Diflubenzuron.
- ECHA (updated 15/08/2018) Diflubenzuron
USED ON HVAR: DDD programme, for larvicidal actions, Flubex, 2016: Hvar Town and surrounds, May and October 2016. Stari Grad and surrounds, April and October 2016; Jelsa Council area, April-May and October 2016. 2017: Jelsa Council area: Dimilin used for larvicide, rainwater drains & septic tanks, June & July 2017. 2018: Dimilin used in the Hvar Town region, 13th June, 3rd July, 5.5 kg. Dimilin used in Vrboska on the road to Soline bathing beach (at the request of residents), in Jelsa around the Park and in the rainwater drains in the centre of Jelsa, 13th June & 25th July 2018, 5 kg.
2019, 2020: Dimilin used in the Jelsa Council region
 
DIMETHOATE. Organophosphate.
Possible adverse effects. Very toxic to bees and aquatic organisms; possibly toxic to wildlife, including birds, and livestock: possible endocrine disruptor; in humans: can cause unconsciousness and death; possible human carcinogen (USEPA); inhalation, swallowing or excess skin contact can cause breathing difficulties, headache, dizziness, tiredness, slurred speech, blurred vision, a lack of coordination, sweating, slow or rapid heart beat, convulsions, incontinence; when swallowed, can also cause vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, faecal incontinence; long-term exposure may lead to impaired memory, depression, irritability, confusion and insomnia.
EU / ECHA: not approved
Products: Phosphamide, Rogor 40, Calinogor, Chromogor, Cygon, Perfekthion, Fosfamid 40, Aadimethoal.
Approvals: Croatia FIS (February 2023) /MIZ (August 2022): no approved dimethoate-based products listed; Calinogor, Fosfamid 40, Aadimethoal, Rogor 40, Chromogor, Perfekthion not approved.
Sources: - World Health Organisation 1989. International Programme on Chemical Safety: Environmental Health Criteria for Dimethoate.
- Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Dimethoate.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database, updated 2021. Dimethoate.
- University of Hertfordshire 2021. Pesticide Properties Database: Dimethoate.
USED ON HVAR: Rogor was used by farmers cultivating olives and other crops (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
Dimethoate and the products Calinogor, Chromogor, Perfekthion, Rogor 40 were recommended for use on Hvar and in other olive-growing areas against fruit-flies by the Croatian Agriculture-Forestry Advisory Section for the Split-Dalmatian County, in July 2018.
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Caligonor, Chromogor, Perfekthion (14/06/2019, 13/09/2019) and Rogor 40 (14/06/2019, 19/06/2019, 13/09/2019, 27/09/2019).
2019: Rogor, also in combination with the attractant Buminal, recommended by a well-respected Hvar olive oil producer for use variously against olive moth (prays oleae, Croatian: maslinin moljac), olive fruit fly (bactrocera oleae, Croatian: maslinova muha), leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina, Croatian: granotoč) and weevils (otiorhyncus, Croatian: Skorovača) in May, June, July, August, and September; Rogor (or Baturad) to be used in May against olive psyllid (euphyllura olivina, Croatian maslinova buha)
 
EMAMECTIN BENZOATE. Semisynthetic derivative of avermectin.
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to bees, birds, aquatic life, aquatic environment, algae; in humans: highly toxic through swallowing, inhalation and skin contact; can cause organ damage, serious eye irritation or damage; muscle tremors, muscle incoordination, vomiting, pulmonary oedema, unconsciousness; skin allergies.
EU: Emamectin approved 01/05/2014 - 30/11/2024. (Emamectin benzoate not listed) ECHA: not approved
Approvals: Croatia FIS: February 2023, 3 approved products: (1202) Revive II authorized 19/03/2019 - 30/04/2025; (738) Affirm approved 04/11/2011.-04/11/2023., (1148) Affirm Opti approved 26/03/2018.-30/04/2025. Proclaim not approved .MIZ:August 2022, No approved products, Affirm Opti, Revive II, Proclaim not approved
Sources: - United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Emamectin Benzoate 4.0% Tree Injection, Label Amendment.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database 2023. Emamectin
- University of Hertfordshire, Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Emamectin benzoate
- EU National Assessment, Evaluator FRANCE. 2018. Revive, Registration Report
USED ON HVAR Affirm used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc. (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019, 2021: Jelsa local Council: Revive used on palm trees in Jelsa Park 12.04.2019. and 09/09/2021.
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Affirm Opti, especially against caterpillars in fruit trees (17th May 2019, 26.06.2019)
 
FIPRONIL. Pyrazole
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to honeybees and other pollinators, birds, mammals, dragonflies, aquatic crustaceans, sediment dwelling organisms, moderately toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates and earthworms. In humans: possible carcinogen (USEPA); highly toxic if inhaled or swallowed; thyroid, kidney and liver toxicant; neurotoxicant; skin and eye irritant; can cause headache, dizziness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, agitation and seizures
EU: Not approved  ECHA: approved 01/10/2013 - 30/09/2023
Approvals: ECHA: 7 authorizations (February 2023); Croatia FIS: no approved products (February 2023) MIZ: August 2022, 1 product listed: (1329) BROS Prašak protiv mrava 1 (fipronil, silicon dioxide) approved 27/02/2015
Sources:- PubChem National Library of Medicine, 2022. Fipronil
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties DataBase 2022. Fipronil-
- Jinguji, H., Ohtsu, K., Ueda, T., Goka, K. 2018. Effects of short-term, sublethal fipronil and its metabolite on dragonfly feeding activity. PLOS ONE published July 11 2018
 
FIPRONIL SULFONE pyrazole; primary metabolite of Fipronil; chemical transformation substance
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to honeybees, fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic crustaceans, sediment dwelling organisms; fipronil sulfone is more persistent in organisms than fipronil itself; In humans: toxic if swallowed; fipronil sulfone toxicity is more severe in mammals or human cells than fipronil-induced toxicity
Sources:- PubChem National Library of Medicine, 2022. Fipronil sulfone
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties DataBase, 2022. Fipronil Sulfone
- Kim Y. A., Yoon, Y.S., Kim H.S., Jeon, S.J., Cole, E., Lee, J., Kho, Y., Cho, Y.H. 2019. Distribution of fipronil in humans, and adverse health outcomes of in utero fipronil sulfone exposure in newborns. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol 222, issue 3 pp 524-532
HVAR 2022: A Pitve resident tested positive for fipronil sulfone in a chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory on 08/12/2022.
 
IMIDACLOPRID. Neonicotinoid.
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to bees, birds, also aquatic life and aquatic environments, with long-lasting effects; can affect reproduction and development in humans; possibly associated with autism spectrum disorder; moderately toxic to mammals, fish and earthworms; persists in soil.
EU: not approved as from 01/01/2020.. ECHA: Approved, PT18, 01/07/2013 - 30/06/2023 (approved, renewal in progress, February 2023).
Products: Quick Bayt (imidacloprid with tricosene), Quick Bayt (imidacloprid), Quick Bayt spray (imidacloprid); Bros duo protiv muha 1 (imidacloprid with silicon dioxide); Bros zamka za mrave II; Maxforce Quantum; Admire, Advantage, Kohinor, Merit, Confidor, Hachikusan, Premise, Prothor, Winner,
Approvals: ECHA: 78 authorizations (PT18, February 2023); Croatia FIS (February 2023): Quick Bayt not approved, no approved products MIZ: August 2022: 5 imidacloprid products listed: (932) Quick Bayt (imidacloprid) approved 10/08/2009; (933) Quick Bayt spray (imidacloprid)  approved 10/08/2009; (1402) Bros duo protiv muha 1 (imidacloprid, silicon dioxide) approved 01/07/2015; (1908) Bros zamka za mrave II(imidacloprid, geraniol) approved 29/09/2017; (696) Maxforce Quantum approved 03/10/2011; Quick Bayt (imidacloprid with tricsene) not approved
Sources:
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database 2021. Imidacloprid.
- University of Hertfordshire, Pesticides Properties Database. 2021. Imidacloprid.
- Baines, D., Wilton, E., Pawluk, A., de Gorter, M., Chomistek, N. 2017. Neonicotinoids act like endocrine disrupting chemicals in newly-emerged bees and winter bees. Scientific Reports 7: article number 10979
- Eng, M.L., Stutchbury, B.J.M., Morrissey, C.A. 2017. Imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos insecticides impair migratory ability in a seed-eating songbird. Scientific Reports, 7., article no. 15176.
- Pisa, L.W., Amaral-Rogers, V., Belzunces, L.P., Bonmatin, J.M., Downs, C.A., Goulson, D., Kreutzweiser, D.P., Krupke, C., Liess, M., McField, M., Morrissey, C.A., Noome, D.A., Settele, J., Simon-Delso, N., Stark, J.D., Van der Sluijs, J.P., Van Dyck, H., Wiemers, M. 2015. Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 1: 68-102.
- Zhang, E., Nieh, J.C. 2015. The neonicotinoid imidacloprid impairs honey bee aversive learning of simulated predation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218: 3199-3205
USED ON HVAR: DDD programme, Quick Bayt® (imidacloprid with Tricosene) used on rubbish tips. 2018: Hvar Town region, July 3rd, 2 kg.; Stari Grad region, 3rd July, 25th July, 15th August, 6th September 2018, 2kg.
2017: Quick Bayt insecticde was used in the Sućuraj region, with thiamethoxam incorrectly listed as its active ingredient in the report to the Sućuraj council (certificate / potvrda 52177, dated 04/06/2017)
2020: Quick Bayt used around the Jelsa Council region (DDD programme)
HVAR 2022: A Pitve resident tested positive for Imidacloprid in a chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory on 08/12/2022.
 
IMIPROTHRIN synthetic pyrethroid
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to bees, aquatic organisms, fish; poisonous to cats, also other animals; in humans: possible carcinogen; can cause organ damage, toxic if swallowed or inhaled; respiratory tract irritant; possible reproduction / development effects; possible skin and eye irritant.
EU: not approved. ECHA: approved, PT18, 01/07/2019 - 30/06/2029 - but not on approved list May 2023.
Products: Raid Max sprej protiv mrava i žohara (cypermethrin, imiprothrin); Hit crawling insect killer (cypermethrin, imiprothrin); Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris cvijeta naranče (cypermethrin, imiprothrin); Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris eukaliptisa (cypermethrin, imiprothrin)
Approvals: ECHA: 1 authorization February 2023, not listed May 2023. Croatia FIS: February 2023,  no approved products; MIZ, August 2022, 5 products listed: (946) Raid Max sprej protiv mrava i žohara approved 29/09/2017; (2424) Hit crawling insect killer approved 11/05/2020; (3020) Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris cvijeta naranče approved 29/09/2017; (3021) Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris eukaliptisa approved 18/03/2010; (136) Bayer Garden protiv gmizućih insekata (imiprothrin, cyphenothrin), approved 27/09/2011,
Sources: -PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023: Imiprothrin
- University of Hertfordshire, Pesticide Properties Database, 2023: Imiprothrin
 
PERMETHRIN. Synthetic pyrethroid.
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to bees, sea organisms, fish; poisonous to cats, also other animals; in humans: classified as a potential carcinogen; linked to Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma; can cause neurological damage, also problems in the immune and endocrine systems.
EU: not approved. ECHA: approved, PT18, 01/05/2016 - 30/04/2026
Products: Permex 22E (with tetramethrin & piperonyl butoxide); Neopitroid EC 20 PRO (with piperonyl butoxide); Neopitroid prah Pro (with piperonyl butoxide); Neopitroid Premium Plus (with prallethrin); Neopitroid Premium (with D-Allethrin and Piperonyl Butoxide); household fly-killer sprays such as Sanmex Fly and Wasp Killer (with Tetramethrin); Raid sprej protiv mrava i žohara, miris naranče; Raid spray for flies and mosquitoes (with Tetramethrin).
Approvals: ECHA: 192 authorizations (PT18, February 2023); Croatia FIS May 2023: no approved productrs listed.  Permex 22E and Neopitroid Premium not approved. MIZ August 2022: c. 78 listed products.(141) Baygon protector sprej protiv mrava i žohara (permethrin, pyrethrins & pyrethroids), approved 06/06/2010; (163) Biokill (permethrin), approved 11/03/2010; (164) Biotoll neopremin (permethrin - cis-trans 25-75), approved 19/05/2009; (241) Bros sprej protiv osa i stršljena (permethrin, cypermethrin, tetramethrin), approved 16/08/2012; (331) Coopex dimni generator (permethrin), approved 10/09/2009; (465) Effect insekticid protiv osa i stršljenova (aerosol) (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 10/05/2011; (466) Effect microtech CS (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 26/09/2013; (467) Effect ultimum (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 15/04/2014; (468) Effect univerzalni insekticid aerosol (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 21/05/2009; (471) Entox insekticidni aerosol (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 13/06/2011; (477) Fentin aerosol (permethrin), approved 19/01/2010; (479) Final fliegen turbo spray (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/09/2013; (480) Final universal ungezieferspray (permethrin,tetramethrin, cypermethrin), approved 26/09/2013; (493) Forth Univerzalni insekticid (permethrin), approved 24/03/2014; (653) Killtox insekticid (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 05/10/2010; (668) Komtoks (permethrin, bioallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 10/07/2013; (723) Microsene (permethrin, cis-trans, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 17/03/2010; (724) Microsene (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 11/09/2009; (747) Mount sprej (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 27/04/2012; (748) Mount sprej aqua (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 19/11/2012; (869) Permex 22E (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/04/2012; (872) Pertrin S (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 20/03/2010; (880) Pitroid spray protiv gmizućih kukaca (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 20/04/2009; (881) Pitroid spray protiv letećih kukaca (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 20/04/2009; (882) Pitroid total spray (permethrin, d-phenothrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 22/05/2009; (954) Raid spray protiv muha i komaraca (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 18/03/2010; (955) Raid tarme protiv moljaca cedar (permethrin), approved 23/06/2010; (956) Raid tarme protiv moljaca lavanda (permethrin), approved 23/06/2010; (1055) Smartline insekticid sprej (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 23/05/2011; (1117) Sting (permethrin, prallethrin), approved 09/12/2010; (1130) Super Birtox insekticid aerosol (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/06/2010; (1161) Terminator X insekticidni posip (permethrin), approved 01/02/2011; (1163) Terminator X univerzalni insekticid (permethrin), approved 09/12/2010; (1244) Bio Kill (permethrin), approved 24/06/2014; (1249) Insekticid Joker Bun (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/06/2014; (1342) Biotip insekticidno prašivo (permethrin), approved 05/03/2015; (1352) Bitox insecticide spray 400ml (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 10/04/2015; (1355) Insekticid dvostruko djelovanje (permethrin, tetramethrin, d-phenothrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 20/04/2015; (1371) Insekticid Tam Tam (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 07/05/2015; (1563) Agritox (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 30/04/2018; (1574) Akvacid (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/05/2016; (1778) Bifent Fogger Plus (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl), approved 23/05/2019; (1819) Biosekt univerzalni insekticid 500ml (permethrin, prallethrin), approved 15/02/2022; (1896) Bros prašak protiv mrava II (permethrin, silicon dioxide / diatomaceous earth), approved 01/04/2016; (1898) Bros prašak protiv mrava IV (permethrin, geraniol), approved 04/04/2018; (1902) Bros sprej protiv gmizućih insekata I (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 06/02/2019; (1904) Bros sprej protiv osa i stršljena I (permethrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 07/01/2020; (2265) Effect Microtech CS Pro (permethrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 01/07/2020; (2270) Effect Ultimum Pro (permethrin, teteramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 19/06/2020; (2295) Faracid (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 06/02/2019; (2296) Faracid + (permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 14/09/2017; (2301) Flash 23 - sprej protiv pužećih kukaca (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 14/02/2017; (2302) Flash 23 sprej protiv gmizućih insekata (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 22/07/2021; (2318) Flytrin 6.14 (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 20/05/2021; (2339) Froxynol 250 (permethrin, N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-dodecylpropane-1.3-diamine), approved 07/01/2020; (2465) Indusect micro (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 08/06/2017; (2507) Inz-Eco mosquito trap (permethrin, pyriproxyfen, tetramethrin), approved 17/11/2020; (2625) LD 100 G (permethrin), approved 23/6/2017; (2743) Mr. Kill sprej protiv muha i drugih insekata (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins & pyrethroids), approved 13/02/2017; (2775) Neo Starr (permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 17/11/2017; (2779) Neopitroid EC 20 Pro (permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 08/01/2016; (2780) Neopitroid prah PRO (permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 22/02/2016; (2781) Neopitroid Premium Plus (permethrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 29/06/2022; (2788) New Spraymaster (permethrin, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract, piperonyl butoxide), approved 05/06/2019; (2789) New Spraymaster ONE SHOT (permethrin, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract, piperonyl butoxide), approved 29/05/2019; (2803) Nooze insetticida spray (permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 11/03/2020; (2891) Pertrin RTU (permethrin), approved 06/04/2016; (2905) Phobi aurodil super PB+ (permethrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 09/02/2022; (2966) Profissimo sprej protiv insekata (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 12/06/2018; (3247) Speed Stop insekticidna pjena protiv mrava i žohara 300ml (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 10/03/2020; (3261) Sprej protiv mrava i žohara / Ant and crawling spray (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 09/05/2017; (3262) Sprej protiv muha i osa / Fly and wasp killer (permethrin, tetramethrin), approved 09/05/2017; (3313) Stop insekticid sprej za leteće i gmižuće inskete (permethrin, transphenothrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 30/04/2018; (3317) Strike protiv osa, stršljena i azijskih stršljena (permethrin, d-trans-tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 31/01/2017; (3321) Strike® univerzalno insekticidno sredstvo za posipanje (permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/02/2017; (3351) Terminator X Insekticidno prašivo (permethrin), approved 15/04/2016; (3352) Terminator X Univerzalni insketicid (permethrin), approved 15/04/2016; (3426) Universal (permethrin, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract), approved 22/03/2019.  Neopitroid Premium no longer approved
Sources: - ECHA Permethrin Substance Infocard
- PubChem 2023. Permethrin
- Alavanja, M.C.R., Hoffmann, J.N., Lynch, C.F., Hines, C.J., Barry, K. H., Barker, J., Buckman, D.W., Thomas, K., Sandler, D. P., Hoppin, J.A., Koutros, S., Andreotti, G., Lubin, J.H., Blair, A., Beane Freeman, L.E. 2014. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Risk and Insecticide, Fungicide and Fumigant Use in the Agricultural Health Study. PLoS One (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) 9 (10): e109332.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. August 2009. Permethrin Facts.
- Hoffmann, M., Meléndez, J.L., Ruhman, M.A., 2008. Risks of Permethrin Use to the Federally Threatened California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) and Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis), and the Federally Endangered California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), and San Francisco Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia). Environmental Fate and Effects Division Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 20460
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Permethrin & Resmethrin (Pyrethroids), Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health. TEACH Chemical summary.
-World Health Organization. 2006. "International Program on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 92: Permethrin."
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Permethrin."
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control (ATSDR). 2003. "Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids."
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. "TRI Explorer: Providing Access to EPA's Toxic Release Inventory Data."
- International Cat Care. Permethrin Poisoning in Cats.
USED ON HVAR: DDD programme, for adult insect suppression: 2016: Permex 22E- Hvar Town and its surrounds, June, July x2, August, October; Stari Grad and its environs, June, July, August; Jelsa Council area, July x2, August 2016. 2017: Hvar Town and surrounds Permex 22E 25th May, 20th June; 13th July; 11th August, 28th September, 12th October. Permex 22E total: 22 litres; Stari Grad and surrounds 17-18th May, 14th July, 11th August, 26th September, total 10 litres; Jelsa Council region, 12th July, 10th August, 27th September 2017, 9 litres. 2018: Hvar Town region, 24th July 2018, quantity 3 kg; Stari Grad region, 26th July, 15th August, 6th September, 3L; Jelsa region, 25th July, 14th August, 5th September 2018, 4L. 2019, 2020, Permex22E used in the insect suppression fogging programme on Hvar (Hvar Town, Stari Grad, Jelsa).
2018. Neopitroid Premium was used for insect suppression in the Sućuraj area on July 3rd and August 11th 2018.
USED IN NORTHERN CROATIA: DDD programme, Neopitroid Premium was used, for instance, for aerial spraying in the Vukovar-Srijem County (2014) and Osijek-Baranja County (2019); fogging actions in Velika Gorica and Glina (2021).
HVAR 2021, 2022: Chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory of hair samples on 19/02/2021 and 08/12/2022 revealed significant quantities of permethrin in a Pitve resident.
 
PHENOTHRIN, d-PHENOTHRIN, CYPHENOTHRIN, IR-TRANS PHENOTHRIN. Synthetic pyrethroid
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to cats, bees and aquatic organisms; in humans, can cause dizziness, salivation, headache, fatigue, diarrhoea, irritability to sound and touch.
EU: Phenothrin, d-phenothrin, cyphenothrin, IR-trans pheniothrin not approved;  ECHA: IR-trans phenothrin approved 01/09/2015 - 31/08/2025; Cyphenothrin approved 01/02/2020 - 31/01/2030. Phenothrin, d-phenothrin not approved
Products: Sumithrin, Raid, Enforcer Flea Killer, Enforcer BedBug spray, Enforcer Flying Insect Killer, Enforcer Wasp and Hornet Killer, Ortho Max Flying Insect Killer, Anvil.
Approvals: ECHA Cyphenothrin, two authorizations (PT18, February 2023); IR-trans phenothrin, 34 authorizations (PT18, February 2023); Croatia FIS, February 2023: No approved products. MIZ: August 2022: 21 listed products, 2 without approval dates; 2 based on phenothrin alone, 12 on d-phenothrin, 4 on cyphenothrin, 2 on IR-trans-phenothrin, 1 on R-trans-phenothrin: 101 Aroxol sprej protiv muha i komaraca (phenothrin, tetramethrin) approved 11/03/2013; 136 Bayer Garden protiv gmižućih insekata (cyphenothrin, imiprothrin) approved 27/09/2011; 137 Bayer Garden protiv letećih insekata (d-phenothrin, d-tetramethrin) approved 27/09/2011; 224 Bros 007 za mrave i puzeće insekte (cyphenothrin) approved 13/02/2012; 230 Bros mamac za faraonske mrave (cyphenothrin) approved 14/02/2012; 235 Bros sprej protiv moljaca (d-phenothrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 26/07/2012; 236 Bros sprej protiv muha i komaraca (phenothrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 25/07/2012; 351 Daytox insekticid u spreju (d-phenothrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide) 20/02/2012; 882 Pitroid Total Spray (d-phenothrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 22/05/2009; 916 Protect Wasp Killer Aerosol (cyphenothrin, d-trans-tetramethrin approved 04/10/2010. 953 Rapid Sprej protiv gmižućih i letećih insekata (d-phenothrin, tetramethrin) approved 21/4/2011; 1087 Sprej Despar protiv muha i komaraca (d-phenothrin, d-allethrin) approved 21/5/2014; 1088 Sprej Despar protiv muha i komaraca (d-phenothrin, d-allethrin, tetramethrin) No approval date; 1089 Sprej Despar protiv žohara i mrava (d-phenothrin, d-allethrin) approved 21/5/2014; 1090 Sprej Despar protiv žohara i mrava (d-phenothrin, d-allethrin, tetramethrin) No approval date; 1354 Insekticid za dom Yuki Sprej (d-phenothrin, d-trans-tetramethrin) approved 20/04/2015; 1355 Insekticid dvostruko djelovanje (d-phenothrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 10/4/2015; 1383 Raid Sprej protiv gmižućih i letećih insekata (IR trans-phenothrin, prallethrin) approved 10/6/2015; 1384 Raid sprej protiv muha i komaraca (R-trans-phenothrin, prallethrin) approved 10/6/2015; 2426 Hit insect killer 400ml sprej protiv insekata (d-phenothrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 20/02/2019; 3313 Stop insekticid sprej za leteće gmižuće insekte (IR trans-phenothrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide) approved 30/04/2018.
Sources:- PubChem 2023 Phenothrin
- WHO/FAO 1994. d-Phenothrin. WHO/FAO Data Sheet on Pesticides no.85.
- Cox, C. 2003. Sumithrin (d-phenothrin). Insecticide Factsheet. Journal of Pesticide Reform. 23 / 2, 10- 14.
ON HVAR: d-Phenothrin was on the list of pesticides recommended for use around Hvar Town, Stari Grad and the Jelsa Council area, under the Programme issued by the Split-Dalmatian County Public Health Institute for 2017.
 
PHOSMET. Organophosphate.
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life and environment; highly toxic to honeybees; in humans can be fatal if inhaled; if swallowed, causes stomach pain, diarrhoea, nausea, sickness; can cause organ damage, eye irritation; possibly causes fetal damage or disrupts fertility; can cause swelling, itchiness, raised skin temperature if absorbed through the skin; can be toxic to birds, earthworms, cats and dogs.
EU / ECHA: Phosmet not approved
Products: Imidan 50 WG, Imidan 50WP.
Approvals: ECHA: no approved products  Croatia FIS February 2023: No approved products, Imidan 50WG, Imidan 50WP not approved. MIZ: August 2022, no approved products listed
- Ultra Scientific Inc. Phosmet (Imidan) Safety Data Sheet.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Pesticides: Reregistration. Phosmet IRED facts. (safer alternatives available)
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database: 2023. Phosmet (Imidan, Imidathion)
- University of Hertfordshire, Pesticide Properties Database, 2023: Phosmet.
2018. The Croatian Agriculture-Forestry Advisory Section for the Split-Dalmatian County recommended the Phosmet product Imidan for use on Hvar and in other olive-growing areas against fruit-flies in July 2018.
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Imidan 50WG against olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) 14.06.2019, 19.06.2019, 26.06.2019, 21.08.2019, 13.09.2019, 27.09.2019,
2019. Imidan (or - variously - Decis or Baturad or Rogor) recommended by a well-respected Hvar olive oil producer for use in May, June, against olive moth (prays oleae, Croatian: maslinin moljac); Imidan (or Decis or Rogor or Rogor with Buminal or Success Bait or Eko-Trap) recommended to be used in July, August, September and October against olive fruit fly (bactrocera oleae, Croatian: maslinova muha)
 
PYRIPROXYFEN Insect growth regulator (IGR). Aromatic ether, member of pyridines (substance group unclassified)
Possible adverse effects: Toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to bees, earthworms; in humans: harmful if absorbed through the skin, or swallowed; causes eye irritation; possibly affects male fertility; possible endocrine disruptor, may have an estrogenic effect; possible liver and blood toxicant
EU: Pyriproxfen approved 01/08/2020 - 31/07/2035. ECHA: approved PT18 01/02/2015 - 31/01/2025.
Products: Cimetrol Super EW (pyriproxyfen, cypermethrin, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide); Inz-Eco Mosquito Trap (pyriproxyfen, permethrin, tetramethrin); Inzecto Larvicide Chips G (pyriproxyfen, geraniol): Pesguard Gel (pyriproxyfen, chlothianidin); Brai; Harpun; Proximo; Pyxal; Sumilan; Proxilar compresse; Tigrex compresse.
Approvals: ECHA: 9 authorizations (PT18, February 2023);  Croatia FIS: 3 products approved February 2023: (1008) Brai approved 05/10/2016-31/12/2023; (1089) Harpun approved 31/08/2017-31/12/2023; (1112) Proximo approved 28/11/2017-31/12/2023; Pyxal, Sumilan, Proxilar compresse, Tigrex compresse not approved; MIZ: August 2022, 4 products listed: (1981) Cimetrol Super EW approved 08/04/2020; (2507) Inz-Eco Mosquito Trap approved 17/11/2020; (2508) Inzecto Larvicide Chips G approved 24/01/2022; (2892) Pesguard Gel approved 03/03/2016.
Sources: - PubChem 2021. Pyriproxyfen (compound)
- EFSA. 2020. Pyriproxyfen
- Shahid, A., Zaidi, S.D., Akbar, H., Saeed, S. 2019. An investigation on some toxic effects of pyriproxyfen in adult male mice. Iran Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 22 (9) 997 - 1003. 48 references
- Pesticide Properties Database. 2021. Pyriproxyfen.
- US Environmental Protection Agency. 2012. Label amendments for Pyriproxyfen Insect Growth Regulator.
ON HVAR: 2019: Pyxal recommended by a well-respected Hvar olive oil producer for use in May against scale insects (coccoidea, Croatian: štitašte uši)
 
RESMETHRIN. Synthetic pyrethroid.
Possible adverse effects: potentially harmful to humans: endocrine disruptor, neurotoxic, eye and skin irritant, possible thyroid toxicity; possible human carcinogen; highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; moderately toxic to birds; 
EU / ECHA: Resmethrin not approved. [Banned in the United States since 2015.]
Products, Trade names: Chrysron, Crossfire, Raid Flying Insect Killer.
Approvals: ECHA, MIZ, FIS: no products approved (February 2023)
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2021. Resmethrin.
- US EPA. 2011. Permethrin, Resmethrin, d-Phenothrin (Sumithrin®): Synthetic Pyrethroids for Mosquito Control.
- University of Hertfordshire, Pesticide Properties Database 2021. Resmethrin.
ON HVAR: Resmethrin was on the list of pesticides recommended for use around Hvar Town, Stari Grad and the Jelsa Council area, under the Programme issued by the Split-Dalmatian County Public Health Institute for 2017.
 
SPINOSAD, combination of Spinosyn A and Spinosyn D, derived from naturally occurring soil fungi (naturalyte)
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to aquatic organisms, with long-lasting effects; highly toxic to bees; toxic to fish and earthworms; in humans can cause allergic reactions and eye irritation.
EU: Spinosad approved 01/02/2007 - 15/03/2025. ECHA: Approved, PT18, 01/11/2012 - 30/04/2025, renewal in progress (February 2023).
Products: Laser, Success Bait, Laser GR
Approvals: ECHA: 38 authorizations (PT18, February 2023); Croatia MIZ, August 2022:  No approved products FIS February 2023: 3 approved products;: (374) Laser approved 20/03/2002 - 30/04/2024; (635) Success Bait approved 11/01/2005 - 31/12/2023; (1530) Laser GR approved 28/12/2022 - 30/04/2024  
Sources: - ECHA 2019. Spinosad Factsheet.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties DataBase. 2021. Spinosad.
- PubChem Database 2021 Spinosad
- Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 2016. Spinosad: Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. SERA TR-056-16-03b
ON HVAR: Laser used by individuals, especially on vines (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Laser (19.06.2019) and Success Bait (13.09.2019, 27.09.2019)
 
SPIROTETRAMAT tetramic acid insecticide.
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to fish, algae, aquatic plants, sediment dwelling organisms, birds, earthworms. In humans: possible liver and kidney toxicant; may cause lung damage; possibly causes reproduction and developmental problems; skin sensitiser; eye irritant;
EU: Spirotetramat approved 01/05/2014 - 30/04/2024. ECHA: Spirotetramat not approved
Product: Movento
Approvals: ECHA: no approved products; Croatia MIZ August 2022: no approved products; FIS May 2023, 1 product approved: (1017) Movento approved 31/10/2016 - 30/04/2025 
Sources - PubChem Database25/10/2006 / 13/08/2022 Spirotetramat
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties DataBase. 04/08/2022. Spirotetramat
- Francesena, N., Desneux, N., de Campos, M.R. et al. 2017. Side effects of spirotetramat on pupae and adults of a Neotropical strain of Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): Effects on the life parameters and demography. Environmental Science & Pollution Research 24, 17719–17730 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9400-z pub 10.6.2017
- María Del Mar Fernández, Pilar Medina, Alberto Fereres, Guy Smagghe, Elisa Viñuela, Are Mummies and Adults of Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) Compatible With Modern Insecticides? , Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 108, Issue 5, October 2015, Pages 2268–2277, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov181
ON HVAR: Movento recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Phytosanitary Institute (FIS) against orange spiny whitefly (aleurocanthus spiniferus); ordered to be used by the Phytosanitary inspector on a private property (September 2021).
 
SULFOXAFLOR  Sulfoximine insecticide.
Possible adverse effects: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects; can be very harmful to honeybees, bumblebees and earthworms; moderately harmful to aquatic crustaceans and  sediment-dwelling organisms. In humans: possible liver toxicant; possible carcinogen (US Environmental Protection Agency); possibly affects reproduction and development.
EU: approved 18/08/2015 - 18/08/2025. As from April 2022. the use of Sulfoxaflor has been restricted to indoors in permanent greenhouses only because of its high risk to pollinators, especially bees.  ECHA: Sulfloxaflor not approved
Product: Closer
Approvals: ECHA February 2023: no approved products; Croatia MIZ August 2022: no approved products; FIS February 2023, 1 product approved: (1223) Closer approved 28/05/2019 - 18/08/2026. 
Sources: - PubChem Database  2023. Sulfoxaflor
- Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Sulfoxaflor
- Damasceno, J.M., Rato, L.D., Simoes, T., Morao, I.F.C., Meireles, G., Novais, S.C., Lemos, M.F.L. 2021. Exposure to the Insecticide Sulfoxaflor Affects Behaviour and Biomarkers Responses of Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Decapoda) Biology (Basel) December, 10 (12): 1234
- Siviter H, Brown MJF, 2018. Leadbeater E. Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success. Nature, September, 561 (7721): 109-112
ON HVAR: Closer recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Phytosanitary Institute (FIS) against orange spiny whitefly (aleurocanthus spiniferus); ordered to be used by the Phytosanitary inspector on a private property (September 2021).
 
TETRAMETHRIN, d-TETRAMETHRIN. Synthetic pyrethroids
Possible adverse effects: potential human carcinogen, also can cause dizziness, breathing difficulties, coughing, eye irritation, gastrointestinal upset, blisters and skin rashes; extremely toxic to bees and aquatic organisms, including fish and aquatic invertebrates.
EU: Tetramethrin not approved, d-tetramethrin not listed: ECHA: Tetramethrin & d-tetramethrin under evaluation, application for renewal in progess, as at February 2023)
Products: Permex 22E (with permethrin & piperonyl butoxide); Cymina Plus (with cypermethrin), Cymina Ultra (with cypermethrin & piperonyl butoxide); Household insect-killing sprays such as Killtox insekticid (with permethrin & piperonyl butoxide); Raid sprej muhe i komarci (tetramethrin, d-cis, trans allethrin); Raid sprej protiv gmižućih i letećih insekata (tetramethrin with phenothrin); Raid sprej protiv muha i komaraca (tetramethrin, permethrin); Bayer Garden protiv letećih insekata (d-tetramethrin with d-phenothrin); Strike protiv osa, stršlena i azijskih stršlena (d-trans tetramethrin with permethrin and piperonyl butoxide)
Approvals: ECHA: no approved products (February 2023); Croatia FIS February 2023: No approved products, Permex 22E, Cymina Plus, Cymina Ultra not approved MIZ: August 2022: c. 88 products were listed based on tetramethrin, only three on tetramethrin alone; nine were based on d-trans tetramethrin or trans tetramethrin:   (1249) insekticid Joker Bun (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/06/2014; (1352) Bitox insecticide Spray 400ml (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 20/04/2015; (1354) Insekticid za dom Yuki Spray, (d-trans-tetramethrin, phenothrin), approved 20/04/2015; (1355) Insekticid dvostruko djelovanje, ((tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, d-phenothrin), approved 20/04/2015; (1371) Insekticid Tam Tam, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 07/05/2015; (1563) Agritox, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 30/04/2018; (1572) Akvacid, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/05/2016; (1736) Atoks, (tetramethrin, methyl cyclopropane carboxylate), approved 14/02/2017; (1737) Atoks hornet sprej protiv osa, stršljena i njihovih legla (tetramethrin), approved 19/06/2019; (1752) Bado ose i stršljeni, (tetramethrin, prallethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 21/04/2022; (1768) Bengal sprej protiv svih insekata, (d-trans-tetramethrin), approved 25/09/2017; (1778) Bifent Fogger Plus, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 23/05/2019; (1899) BROS prašak protiv muha 1 (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 06/02/2019; (1902) BROS sprej protiv gmižućih insekata 1, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 06/02/2019; (1903) BROS sprej protiv muha i komaraca, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 19/10/2021; 1981 Cimetrol Super EW, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide, piriproxyfen), approved 08/04/2020; 2067 Daytox insekticid u spreju, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 03/06/2016; (2134) Despar insekticidni sprej protiv komaraca i muha 400ml, trans-tetamethrin, approved 23/03/2022; (2270) Effect Ultimum pro, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 19/06/2020; (2295) Faracid, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 06/02/2019; (2298) Flash 22 - sprej protiv letećih kukaca(tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 25/04/2017; (2299) Flash 22 mosche e zanzare 400ml, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 04/04/2016; (2300) Flash 22 sprej protiv muha i komaraca (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 22/07/2021; (2301) Flash 23 sprej protiv puzećih kukaca, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 14/02/2017; (2302) Flash 23 sprej protiv gmizučih insekata, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 22/07/2021; (2317) Fly tomb 4 GR, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 15/06/2016; (2318) Flytrin 6.14, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 20/05/2021; (2334) FORTH spray protiv moljaca, (tetramethrin), approved 17/12/2015; (2426) HIT insect killer 400ml sprej protiv insekata, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, d-phenothrin)), approved 20/02/2019; (2463) Indusect EC, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 07/06/2017; (2464) Indusect ME, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 08/06/2017; (2465) Indusect Micro, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 08/06/2017; (2507) Inz-Eco mosquito trap, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piriproxyfen), approved 17/11/2020; (2556) Killer ultra, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium extract), approved 30/10/2019; (2743) Mr Kill sprej protiv muha i drugih insekata, (tetram30)ethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins & pyrethroids), approved 13/02/2017; 2802 Nooze insetticida liquido microincapsulato, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 01/6/2020; (2803) Nooze insetticida spray M&Z, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 11/03/2020; (2804) Nooze insetticida spray S&F, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 28/02/2020; (2966) Profissimo sprej protiv insekata 400 ml, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 12/06/2018; (2971) Protect wasp killer aerosol, (d-trans-tetramethrin), approved 08/06/2022; (3247) Speed Stop Insekticidna pjena protiv mrava i žohara 300 ml, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 10/03/2020; (3261) Sprej protiv mtava i žohara / ant and crawling spray, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 09/05/2017; (3262) Sprej protiv muha i osa / fly & wasp killer, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 09/05/2017; (3313) Stop insekticid sprej za leteće i gmižuće insekte, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 30/04/2018; (3317) Strike protiv osa, stršljena i azijskih stršljena, (d-trans-tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 31/01/2017; 3346 Tator, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 21/02/2019; (64) Amplat, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 11/03/2010; (65) Amplat, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 11/09/2009; (101) Aroxol sprej protiv muha i komaraca, (tetramethrin, phenothrin), approved 11/03/2013; (137) Bayer Garden protiv letećih insekata, (d-tetramethrin, d-phenothrin), approved 27/09/2011; (217) Bogaclean antiparasitic spray, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins & pyrethroids), approved 31/12/2013; (218) Bogaclean flea fogger, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins & pyrethroids, cypermethrin, S-metropen), approved 31/12/2013; (228) Bros insect spray, (tetramethrin, deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 25/07/2012; (232) Bros prašak protiv insekata, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 03/11/2011; (241) Bros sprej protiv osa i stršljenova, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin), approved 16/08/2012; (315) Clear Score Plus, (tetramethrin, pyrethrins, liquefied petroleum gas, isopropyl alcohol), approved 03/09/2009; (342) Cymina Ultra, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 04/02/2011; (343) Cymina Ultra, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 04/2/2011; (344) Cyperbase, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/03/2014; (452) Draker 10.2, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 05/02/2010; (453) Draker RTU, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 02/10/2012; (458) Duracid sprej, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 01/02/2011; (465) Effect insekticid protiv osa i stršljenova (aerosol), (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 10/05/2011; (466) Effect Microtech CS, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 26/09/2013; (467) Effect Ultimum, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 15/04/2014; (468) Effect univerzalni insekticid aerosol, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 21/05/2009; (471) Entox insekticid aerosol, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 13/06/2011; (479) Final Fliegen Turbo Spray, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/09/2013; (480) Final universal ungezieferspray, (tetramethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin), approved 26/09/2013; (492) Forth sprej protiv muha i komaraca, (tetramethrin, pyrethrins, pyrethroids, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/04/2014; (494) Foval CE, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 04/11/2010; (495) Foval Komarci i muhe, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 29/12/2010; (594) Insetticida fulmine contro mosce i zanzare, (tetramethrin), approved 07/4/2010; (653) Killtox insekticid, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 05/10/2010; (698) Maxicarb forte, (tetramethrin, bendiocarb, piperonyl butoxide), approved 14/12/2012; (712) Mercator insekticid protiv letećih insekata s raspršivačem, (tetramethrin, pyrethrum extract (pyrethrins & pyrethroids), approved 01/04/2010; (723) Microsene, (permethrin, cis/trans 25/75, tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 17/03/2010; (724) Microsene, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 11/09/2009; (747) Mount Sprej, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 27/04/2012; (748) Mount sprej aqua, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 19/11/2012; (869) Permex 22E, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 26/04/2012; (872) Pertrin S, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 20/03/2010; (880) Pitroid spraj protiv gmižućih kukaca, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 20/04/2009; (881) Pitroid spraj protiv letećih kukaca, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 20/04/2009; (882) Pitroid Total Spray, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide, d-phenothrin), approved 22/05/2009; (916) Protect wasp Killer Aerosol, (d-trans-tetramethrin, cyphenothrin), approved 04/10/2010; (952) Raid sprej muhe i komarci, (tetramethrin d-cis, trans-allethrin), approved 10/10/2011; (953) Raid sprej protiv gmižućih i letećih insekata, (tetramethrin, phenothrin), approved 21/04/2011; (954) Raid sprej protiv muha i komaraca, (tetramethrin, permethrin), approved 18/03/2010; (1055) Smartline insekticid sprey, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 23/05/2011; (1088) Sprej Despar protiv muha i komaraca, (d-tetramethrin, d-allethrin, d-phenothrin), No approval details; (1090) Sprej Despar protiv žohara i mrava, (d-tetramethrin, d-allethrin, d-phenothrin), No approval details; 1091 Sprej Plus ZAZ protiv muha i komaraca 400ml, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 21/03/2014; (1092) Sprej protiv insekata 400ml, (tetramethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 09/03/2011; (1130) Super Birtox insekticid aerosol, (tetramethrin, permethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 24/06/2010; (1149) Tator, (tetramethrin, cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 25/02/2011; (1162) Terminator X sprej protiv muha i komaraca, tetramethrin, natural pyrethrin extract, piperonyl butoxide), approved 09/12/2010. Cymina Plus not approved.
Sources: - ECHA 2019. Tetramethrin Factsheet.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2008, revised 2010. Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for Tetramethrin.
- Thoreby, E. (author), Williams, M.M. (editor), Lah, K. (updater) 2011. Tetramethrin. Toxipedia.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Tetramethrin.
- ECHA, (updated 21 10 2018) Tetramethrin
USED ON HVAR: DDD programme, for adult insect suppression: 2016: Permex 22E- Hvar Town and its surrounds, June, July x2, August, October; Stari Grad and its environs, June, July, August; Jelsa Council area, July x2, August 2016. 2017: Hvar Town and surrounds Permex 22E 25th May, 20th June; 13th July; 11th August, 28th September, 12th October. Permex 22E total: 22 litres; Stari Grad and surrounds 17-18th May, 14th July, 11th August, 26th September, total 10 litres; Jelsa Council region, 12th July, 10th August, 27th September 2017, 9 litres. 2018: Hvar Town region, 24th July 2018, quantity 3 kg; Stari Grad region, 26th July, 15th August, 6th September, 3L; Jelsa region, 25th July, 14th August, 5th September 2018, 4L. 2019, 2020, Permex22E used in the insect suppression fogging programme on Hvar (Hvar Town, Stari Grad, Jelsa)
2019, 2020: Permex22E used on Hvar in the insect suppression fogging programme.
 
THIAMETHOXAM. Neonicotinoid.
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to aquatic life, with acute and lasting effects; highly toxic to bees; toxic to earthworms; in humans, can be harmful through skin contact, inhalation, and especially ingestion; can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache; ingestion can cause seizures, coma, hypothermia, respiratory failure, hypotension, ventricular dysrhythmias and death.
EU: Thiamethoxam not approvedECHA: approved PT18 01/02/2015 - 31/01/2025.
Products: Agita 10 WG; Actara 25WG, Actara 240SC, Cruiser SB, Centric, Flagship, Meridian, Optigard, Platinum. 
Approvals: ECHA February 2023, 2 authorizations, Croatia FIS February 2023: no approved products MIZ: August 2022, 1 product listed: (27) Agita 10 WG, approved 02/03/2010
Sources: - ECHA 2019. Thiamethoxam Substance information.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2021. Thiamethoxam
- Coulon, M., Schurr, F., Martel, A.-C., Cougoule, N., Bégaud, A., Mangoni, P., Dlamon, A., Alaux, C., Le Conte, Y., Thiéry R., Ribière-Chabert, M., Dubois, E. 2018. Metabolisation of thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid pesticide) and interaction with the Chronic bee paralysis virus in honeybees. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 144: 10-18
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2021. Thiamethoxam.
- Tosi, S., Nieh, J.C. 2017. A common nicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, alters honey bee activity, motor functions and movement to light. Nature Scientific Reports 7: article number 15132.
USED ON HVAR Actara used by individuals cultivating olives, vines, etc. (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Actara (10.05.2019, 14.06.2019, 19.06.2019)
 
TRICHLORFON. Organophosphate.
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to birds, bees, and aquatic organisms, toxic to fish; in humans, possible carcinogen; suspected to cause reproductive problems and birth defects; can cause vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal cramps; affects the nervous system: can cause confusion, headaches, irritability, speech difficulties, memory and concentration loss; when inhaled, causes breathing problems, pulmonary oedema, sometimes nose-bleeds; eye contact can cause redness and bleeding, tears, blurred vision; skin contact can cause sweating and muscle contractions; severe poisoning affects the central nervous system and can cause loss of coordination (ataxia), slurred speech, weakness, fatigue, paralysis, unconsciousness, and even death; symptoms such as cramps, tingling, numbness in the legs followed by incoordination and paralysis sometimes come on 1-4 weeks after exposure and can leave permanent disability.
EU /ECHA / Croatia FIS (May 2023) / MIZ (August 2022): Trichlorfon not approved.
Sources: - National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. 2005, modified 2018. Metrifonate -TRICHLORFON.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Trichlorfon.
USED ON HVAR: for many years trichlorfon was distributed to households together with rat poison (Ratimor, see below), previously in flimsy cellophane packaging. In tablet form, it was intended for use down toilet pans: when used, it most probably finished in the sea from seaside properties, or in the soil from soak-away septic tanks.
 
Dangerous poisons in flimsy packaging. Photo: Vivian Grisogono.
TRICOSENE. Chemical compound: muscalure, Z-9-tricosene, cis-tricos-9-ene, muscamone
Possible adverse effects: Irritant to skin and eyes on contact; inhalation can cause irritation to the respiratory tract; highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates
EU: Not approved ECHA: Approved PT19, repellants and attractants, 01/10/2014 - 30/09/2024.
Products: Quick Bayt (imidacloprid with tricosene), Maxforce Fly Spot Bait, Bonanza Fly Bait, Stimukil Fly Bait.
Approvals: ECHA: one authorization (PT19, February 2023); Croatia FIS May 2023: no approved products MIZ: August 2022: no approved products. (note: Quick Bayt, active ingredient imidacloprid on its own, approved 10/08/2009)
Sources: - ECHA 2019. Tricosene Factsheet.
- University of Hertfordshire Bio-Pesticides DataBase. 2023. Muscalure, Z-9-tricosene.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023. Tricosene
USED ON HVAR DDD programme, on rubbish tips: 2018: Quick Bayt®, Hvar Town region, 3rd July, 2 kg; Stari Grad region, 3rd July, 25th July, 15th July, 6th September 2018, 2 kg.
2017: Quick Bayt insecticde was used in the Sućuraj region, with thiamethoxam (probably incorrectly) listed as its active ingredient in the report to the Sućuraj council (certificate / potvrda 52177, dated 04/06/2017)
2020: Quick Bayt (active ingredient imidacloprid) used around the Jelsa Council region (DDD programme)
 
2. SYNERGIST (INERT SUBSTANCE / MIXER)
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE (PBO). Pyrethroid synergist.
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; may cause birth defects, including holoprosencephaly (HPE); may delay mental development in infants; animal studies show possible damage, including tumours, in mice and rats.
EU February 2023: not yet assessed at EU level. ECHA February 2023: 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl 6-propylpiperonyl ether (Piperonyl butoxide/PBO) approved 01/07/2018 - 30/06/2028..
Products: Permex 22E, Cymina Ultra (Cypermethrin, Tetramethrin), Cymina Plus (Cypermethrin, Tetramethrin) Neopitroid Premium (Permethrin & D-Allethrin) 
Approvals: ECHA February 2023: 18 authorizations.
Croatia FIS February 2023, 2 products listed: K-Obiol EC 25 (deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide), approved 01/03/2016 - 31/10/2024 & Kofumin 77 UL (cypermethrin, piperonyl butoxide), authorization expired 15/10/2022; Permex 22E, Cymina Ultra, Cymina Plus, Neopitroid Premium not authorized.
MIZ August 2022: c.101 products listed (insecticides, ECHA PT18); Permex 22E approved April 2012. Cymina Ultra approved February 2011. Neopitroid Premium approved July 2011. approval withdrawn August 2022. Cymina Plus not approved
Sources: - Okamiya, H., Mitsumori, K., Onodera, H., Ito, S., Imazawa, T., Yasuhara, K., Takahashi, M. 1998. Mechanistic study on liver tumor promoting effects of piperonyl butoxide in rats. Archives of Toxicology 72 (11): 744-750.
- Khan, M.Z. & Law, F.C.P. 2005. Adverse effects of pesticides and related chemicals on enzyme and hormone systems of fish, amphibians and reptiles: a review. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Science 42 (4): 315-323.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO)
- Muguruma, M., Nishimura, J., Jin, M., Kashida, Y., Moto, M., Takahashi, M., Yokouchi, Y., Mitsumori, K. 2006. Molecular pathological analysis for determining the possible mechanism of piperonyl butoxide-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Toxicology 228 (2-3): 178-187.
- Horton, M. K., Rundle, A., Camann, D.E., Boyd Barr, D., Rauh, V.A., Whyatt, R. M. 2011. Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Piperonyl Butoxide and Permethrin on 36-month Neurodevelopment. Pediatrics.
- ECHA (updated 15/08/2018) Piperonyl Butoxide
- Everson, J.L., Sun, M.R., Fink, D.M., Heyne, G.W., Melberg, C.G., Nelson, K.F., Doroodchi, P., Colopy, L.J., Ulschmid, C.M., Martin, A.A., McLaughlin, M.T., Lipinski, R.J. 2019. Developemntal Toxicity Assessment of Piperynol Butoxide Exposure Targeting Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Forebrain and Face Morphogenesis in the Mouse: An in Vitro and in Vivo Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127, 10
For an overview of inert substances, please refer to the United States Environmental Protection Agency listing: Pesticide Registration, Inert Ingredients.
USED ON HVAR in Permex 22E for adult insect suppression 'fogging' spraying and dispersion (see Permethrin or Tetramethrin, above)
 
3. FUNGICIDES (Agricultural fungicides are not included in the ECHA list of approved biocidal substances)
AZOXYSTROBIN (substance group strobilurin)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic organisms and the aquatic environment, with long-lasting effects; highly toxic to hoverfly larvae; toxic to fish, earthworms; in humans, suspected possible carcinogen; can be fatal if swallowed; highly toxic if inhaled; harmful if absorbed through the skin; skin and eye irritant.
EU: Approved 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2024 ECHA: Asoxystrobin authorized for film preservatives (PT07), fibre, leather, rubber, polymerised materials preservatives (PT09), construction materials preservatives (PT10).
Approved products, February 2023: Croatia FIS 25 products approved (February 2023), 18 containing azoxystrobin alone, 7 combined with other active ingredients: 20 Amistar 250 SC, approved 29/06/2009; 472 Ortiva, approved 12/07/2010-31/12/2025; 541 Quadris, approved 19/03/2010-31/07/2025; 701 Universalis (azoxystrobin, folpet), approved 21/05/2007-31/12/2023; 778 Ortiva Top (azoxystrobin, difenoconazole), approved 28/03/2013-31/12/2024; 863 Tazer, approved 13/02/2015-31/12/2025; 926 Azaka, approved 03/12/2015-31/12/2025; 951 Amistar Gold (azoxystrobin, difenoconazole), approved 09/02/2016-31/12/2023; 979 Zignal Super (azoxystrobin, fluazinam), approved 02/06/2016-28/02/2024; 1122 Zakeo 250 SC, approved 08/01/2018-31/12/2025; 1124 Mirador 250 SC, approved 08/01/2018-31/12/2025; 1125 Zaftra AZT 250 SC, approved 08/01/2018-31/12/2025; 1126 Custodia (azoxystrobin, tebuconazole), approved 09/01/2018-31/08/2024; 1164 Zoxis 250 SC, approved 17/08/2018-31/12/2025; 1177 Legado, approved 08/08/2018-31/12/2025; 1206 Diagonal, approved 26/02/2019-31/12/2025; 1220 Patras (azoxystrobin, tebuconazole), approved 20/05/2019-31/08/2023; 1237 Sinstar, approved 13/08/2019-31/12/2025; 1325 Azbany, approved 04/11/2020-31/12/2025; 1413 Sivar, approved 22/11/2021-31/12/2025; 1417 Aztek 250 SL, approved 06/12/2021-31/12/2025; 1458 Calizi, approved 16/03/2022-31/12/2025; 1490 Ortofin, approved 18/07/2022-31/12/2025; 1509 Sivar Gold, approved 05/10/2022-31/12/2025; 1513 Dynasty (azoxystrobin, difenoconazole), approved 24/10/2022-31/12/2024
Sources: - ECHA substance infocard: Azoxystrobin
- PubChem 2023. Azoxystrobin.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Azoxystrobin.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency 2016. Azoxystrobin, Conditional Registration.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency 1997. Azoxystrobin. Pesticide Fact Sheet, for Conditional Registration.
USED ON HVAR: Universalis is used, especially on vines (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
HVAR 2021, 2022: Chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory of hair samples on 19/02/2021 and 08/12/2022 revealed the presence of Azoxystrobin in a Pitve resident.
 
BIXAFEN substance group pyrazolium
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish; very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; toxic to birds, earthworms, aquatic invertebrates and algae; slightly toxic to honeybees; in humans, probable reproduction/developmental toxin
EU: approved 01/10/2013-31/05/2025
Approvals: Croatia FIS (February 2023) 3 products approved: 1111 Ascra Xpro (fluopyrum, prothioconazole, bixafen), approved 01/12/2017-31/07/2022; 1244 Zantara (bixafen, prothioconazole), approved 31/07/2019-31/08/2023; 1431 Cayunis (bixafen, trifloxystrobin), approved 23/12/2021-31/12/2024.
PPDB, 2023. Bixafen
PubChem 2023. Bixafen
 
BOSCALID substance group carboxamide
Possible adverse effects: toxic to the aquatic environment, with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to fish, birds and earthworms; may affect foraging capacity in honeybees; in humans: possible carcinogen; possible effects on reproduction and development
EU: Approved 01/08/2008 - 31/07/2023
Approvals: Croatia FIS (February 2023) 8 products approved, 2 based on boscalid alone, 6 in combination with other active ingredients: 66 Bellis (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), approved 04/01/2008-31/12/2023; 110 Cantus, approved 09/12/2004-31/12/2023; 494 Pictor (boscalid, dimoxystrobin), approved 29/12/2006-31/12/2023; 616 Signum (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), approved 29/12/2006-31/12/2023; 1142 Collis (boscalid, kresoxyim-methyl), approved 05/02/2018-31/07/2023; 1479 Pictor Active (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), approved 09/06/2022-31/01/2024; 1486 Loyalty approved 21/06/2022-31/07/2024; 1532 Empartis (boscalid, kresoxim-methyl), approved 13/12/2022-31/07/2024:
- PubChem 2023. Boscalid
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Boscalid
- Liao, L-H., Wu, W-Y., Dad,A., Berenbaum, M.R. 2019. Fungicide suppression of flight performance in the honeybee (apis mellifera) and its amelioration by quercetin. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Scientific Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Signum (19/06/2019)
ON HVAR 2021 Boscalid identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
CALCIUM CHLORIDE substance group: inorganic compound
Possible adverse effects: toxic if swallowed; can cause serious respiratory problems; can cause severe eye irritation.
EU: not approved
Product Cuprablau Z Ultra Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023: No approved products, Cuprablau Z Ultra not approved
Souces:  - PubChem 2023. Calcium chloride
- University of Hertfordshire 2023. Pesticide Properties DataBase Calcium chloride
 
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, CALCIUM DIHYDROXIDE (Caustic lime, hydrated lime, slaked lime)
Possible adverse effects: corrosive; toxic for aquatic life; in humans: skin irritant; causes serious eye irritation, possible respiratory tract irritant;
EU: Calcium hydroxide approved from 01/07/2015; February 2023 calcium dihydroxide not listed  ECHA February 2023: Calcium hydroxide, calcium dihydroxide approved 01/05/2018-30/04/2028 as disinfectants and algaecides not intended for direct application to humans or animals (PT02), and for veterinary hygiene (PT03)
Product Approvals: EU: Bordeaux Mixture, copper oxide, copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide approved 01/01/2019-31/12/2025; Croatia FIS February 2023, No approved products listed under calcium hydroxide, calcium dihydroxide. Copper mixture products approved: Bordoška juha caffaro 20WP approved 08/07/2004-31/12/2023.; Bordoška juha 20WP manica approved 24/11/2006-31/12/2023.
- PubChem 2023. Calcium Dihydroxide (Calcium hydroxide, hydrate (compound)
- ECHA Infocard 2020. Calcium Dihydroxide
 
CAPTAN substance group phthalimide
EU 01/10/2007 - 31/07/2023
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life, hazardous to aquatic environment; mod birds, earthworms, aquartic invertebrates, algae; in humans, acutely toxic if inhaled; suspected carcinogen; suspected endocrine disruptor; skin and eye irritant; may cause contact dermatitis; possibly a skin sensitiser,
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 11 products listed, 10 based on captan alone: 112 Captan 80 WG, approved 21/01/2008-31/12/2023; 113 Captan ST-S, approved 03/02/1997-31/12/2023; 114 Captan WP 50, approved 01/03/2005-31/12/2023; 422 Merpan 80WDG, approved 29/04/2003-31/12/2023; 632 Kastor, 05/12/2003-31/12/2023; 723 Zato Plus (captan, trifloxystrobin), approved 21/01/2008-31/12/2023; 978 Scab 80 WG, approved 19/05/2016-31/07/2023; 995 Khapo 80 WG - no details available; 1022 Caption 80 WG, approved 25/11/2016-31/07/2023; 1123 Scab 480 SC, approved 23/01/2018-31/07/2023; 1249 "Merpan 80 WDG", approved 08/07/2019-31/12/2023.
- PubChem 2023. Captan
- PPDB 2023. Captan
 
CARBENDAZIM substance group benzimidamole
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic organisms and the aquatic environment, with long-lasting effects; toxic to earthworms; moderately toxic to honeybees; in humans, may cause genetic defects; may damage fertility and the unborn child;
EU: Not approved
Product: Tilt CB 187.5 FW (carbendazim and propiconazole)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023: No approved products, Tilt CB 187.5FW not approved
- PubChem 2023. Carbendazim
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Carbendazim
 
CHLOROTHALONIL substance group chloronitrile
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish; very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms; in humans: can be fatal if swallowed or inhaled; possible carcinogen; can affect reproduction and development; possible endocrine disruptor; causes serious eye damage; can cause respiratory tract irritation; can cause allergic skin reaction
EU: not approved, 
Product: Folio Gold
Approved products: Croatia FIS, February 2023: No approved products, Folio Gold authorization withdrawn 20/11/2019
- PubChem 2023. Chlorothalonil
- PPDB Pesticide Properties Database University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Chlorothalonil
 
COPPER COMPOUNDS
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish, birds, aquatic invertebrates, organisms and plants; toxic to bees and earthworms; sheep, chickens; persists in the soil. In humans can cause nausea, irritation of respiratory tract and skin, eczema. Eye contact can cause conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eyelid lining, excess fluid build-up in the eyelid, clouding of the cornea, cornea tissue deterioration due to ulceration in the eye's mucous membrane.
Long-term, excessive exposure leads to the risk of heavy metal poisoning, including liver disease, brain damage, kidney and intestinal problems, anaemia, mutagenic potential; possible damaging effects on reproduction and development. Symptoms include: a metallic taste in the mouth, burning pain in the chest and abdomen, intense nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, sweating, shock, disrupted urination leading to yellowing of the skin. People with Wilson's disease (in which copper is absorbed and stored excessively in the body01/10/2013-31/05/2025), are at special risk of poisoning from copper-based pesticides.
EU: Copper compounds, Bordeaux Mixture, copper oxide, copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide approved 01/01/2019-31/12/2025
Products: Bordeaux Mixture (combination of copper sulphate and hydrated lime / calcium dihydroxide; Bordoška juha Caffaro 20WP (copper compounds, Bordeaux Mixture), Bordoška juha 20WP Manica (copper compounds, Bordeaux Mixture); Kocide 3000 (copper hydroxide); Champ®Formula 2 (copper hydroxide), Champion WG50; Champion Flow SC; Comac (copper hydroxide), Wetcol 3 Copper Fungicide (tetracopper tricalcium sulphate and soluble calcium), Bordocop, Nordox 75WG (copper(I) oxide), Cuprablau Z (copper compounds, copper oxychloride); Cuprablau Z 35WG (copper compounds, copper oxychloride); Cuprocaffaro 50WP; Neoram WG (copper oxychloride) Copper Key Flow (copper oxychloride), Codimur SC (copper oxychloride)
Product approvals: EU: Bordeaux Mixture approved 01/01/2019-31/12/2025; Croatia FIS February 2023: 1 Bordoska juha Caffaro 20 WP (bordeaux mixture), approved 08/07/2004-31/12/2023; 85 Bordoska juha 20WP Manica (bordeaux mixture), approved 24/11/2006-31/12/2023; 122 Champion WG 50 (copper hydroxide), approved 21/01/2008-31/12/2023; 162 Cuprocaffaro 50 WP (copper oxychloride), approved 02/05/2005-31/12/2023; 440 Modro ulje (copper hydroxide, paraffin oil), approved 23/07/2008-31/12/2025; 452 Neoram WG (copper oxychloride), approved 24/01/2008-31/12/2023; 458 Nordox 75 WG (copper oxide), approved 24/01/2002-31/12/2023; 817 Amaline Flow (tribasic copper sulphate, zoxamide), approved 22/03/2013-21/03/2025; 992 Optix R (tribasic copper sulphate), approved 04/08/2016-01/01/2004; 1047 Ridomil Gold R (metalaxy-M, copper oxychloride) approved 11/04/2017-30/06/2025; 1144 Cyclo R liquido (copper hydroxide), approved 22/03/2018-31/01/2024; 1167 Red Fox (copper oxide, paraffin oil), approved 23/07/2018-31/12/2023; 1176 Codimur SC (copper oxychloride), 17/08/2018-31/01/2024; 1178 Copper Key Flow (copper oxychloride), approved 25/09/2018-31/01/2024; 1182 Cupra (copper oxychloride), approved 22/10/2018-31/01/2024; 1210 Copper Key (copper oxychloride), approved 25/03/2019-01/01/2024; 1211 Codimur 50 (copper oxychloride), approved 27/03/2019-01/01/2024; 1212 Copper Lainco (copper oxychloride), approved 26/03/2019-01/01/2024; 1219 Cuprablau Z 35 WG (copper oxychloride), approved 17/04/2019-01/01/2024; 1230 Bordoflow (bordeaux mixture), approved 12/08/2019-01/01/2024; 1239 Airone SC (copper hydroxide), approved 09/08/2019-01/01/2024; 1270 Fantic A (benalaxyl-M, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride), approved 19/12/2019-01/01/2024; 1468 Copforce Extra (copper hydroxide, cymoxanil), approved 07/04/2022-31/08/2023.. Not approved: Bordeaux mixture (copper sulphate and hydrated lime / calcium dihydroxide); Modra galica; Cuprablau Z Ultra; Modra Galica (Scarmagnan) registration withdrawn on 01/07/2016; Champion and Cuprablau-Z registration withdrawn on 01/01/2020, final deadline for sales of stocks 01/07/2020, final use-by date 01/07/2021.121 Champion Flow SC (copper hydroxide), approval withdrawn
Spraying vines, 30th April 2019. Photo: Vivian Grisogono
COPPER SULPHATE
Possible adverse effects: Danger! According to the classification provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations this substance is very toxic to aquatic life, is very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects, may cause cancer, may damage fertility or the unborn child, is harmful if swallowed, causes serious eye damage, may cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure, causes skin irritation and may cause an allergic skin reaction. (ECHA Substance infocard)
EU: Tribasic copper sulfate approved, 01/01/2019 - 31/12/2025. ECHA: PT02 (disinfectants and algaecides) Copper Sulphate approved 01/07/2015-30/06/2025. (10 related products)
Product: Bordeaux Mixture. (combination of copper sulphate and hydrated lime / calcium dihydroxide)
Croatia FIS: Bordoška juha caffaro 20WP approved 08/07/2004-31/12/2023; Bordoška juha 20WP manica approved 24/11/2006-31/12/2023.
Sources: - University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Copper Sulphate.
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Bordeaux Mixture.
- Rodrigues, C.G., Krüger, A. P., Barbosa, W. F., Guedes, R. N. C. 2016. Leaf Fertilizers Affect Survival and Behavior of the Neotropical Stingless Bee Friesella schrottkyi (Meliponini: Apidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol.109, 3, pp 1001-1008.
- Mathew, P., Ravi, D.A., Varghese, S.S., Manojkumar, A.D. 2015. Effect of copper-based fungicide (bordeaux mixture) spray on the total copper content of areca nut: Implications in increasing prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis. Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry.
- European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Conclusion on the peer review of copper compounds. Scientific Report 187, 1-101.
USED ON HVAR: Copper-based compounds, such as Nordox, and especially Copper Sulphate and Bordeaux Mixture, are widely used on vines, especially on the north side of the island, also on other crops (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use copper-based pesticides fungicides (22.02.2019, 14.03.2019, 15.03.2019 (for olives), 15.03.2019 (for vines), 12th April 2019 (for vegetables), 19.06.2019, 26.07.2019)
Sprayed vines, June 12th 2018. Photo: Vivian Grisogono
CYMOXANIL substance group cyanoacetamide oxime
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life and the aquatic environment, with long-lasting effects; in humans: highly toxic if swallowed; reproductive toxicity, suspected of damaging fertility and the unborn child; skin irritant; eye irritant; prolonged exposure causes organ damage
EU: Approved 01/09/2009 - 31/08/2023.
Product: Antracol Combi WP 76  (Cymoxanil and Propineb)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 9 products, 3 based on cymoxanil alone, 6 in combinations: 787 Momentum Trio (cymoxanil, fosetyl, folpet), approved 13/06/2016-31/08/2023; 924 Proxanil 450 SC (cymoxanil, propamocarb), approved 04/12/2015-31/07/2024; 1165 Magma Triple (cymoxanil, folpet, fosetyl), approved 21/06/2018-31/08/2023; 1183 Reboot (cymoxanil, zoxamid), approved 02/11/2018-31/08/2023; 1192 Cymbal Flow, approved 08/01/2019-31/08/2023; 1328 Curzate 60 WG, approved 18/12/202-31/08/2024; 1468 Copforce Extra, approved 07/04/2022-31/08/2023; 1477 Magma Triple WG (cymoxanil, fosetyl, folpet), approved 02/06/2022-31/07/2023. 165 Curzate F (cymoxanil, folpet), approved 10/03/2006, approval ending 24/03/2023, final deadline 24/03/2024. Antracol Combi WP 76 and other Antracol products not approved
PubChem 2023. Cymoxanil.
PPDB Pesticide Properties Database, University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Cymoxanil
 
CYPRODINIL -substance group anilinopyramidine
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to the aquatic environment, with long-lasting effects. Highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates; toxic to fish; moderately toxic to birds and earthworms; in humans: possible reproduction and development effects; can cause allergic reactions in skin; irritant to respiratory tract, eyes, skin; skin sensitizer.
EU: approved 01/05/2007-31/04/2023.
Products: Chorus 75WG, Chorus 50WG, Switch 62,5WG (cyprodinil and fludioxonil)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS: February 2023, 3 products, 2 based on cyprodinil alone,1 in combination: 126 Chorus 75 WG, approved 06/09/2005-31/12/2023; 646 Switch 62,5 WG (cyprodinil, fludioxonil), approved 07/02/2007-31/12/2023; 790 Chorus 50 WG, approved 27/07/2012-30/04/2024
- PubChem 2023. Cyprodinil
- Pesticides Properties Database 2023. Cyprodinil
ON HVAR 2021 Cyprodinil identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd 2021 from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
DIFENOCONAZOLE conazole fungicide, substance group triazole
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to fish, aquatic plants and algae, with long-lasting effects; harmful to bees; can contaminate bee pollen; moderately toxic to birds and mammals; in humans, possible carcinogen; possible endocrine disruptor; harmful if swallowed or inhaled; can cause serious eye irritation
EU: Approved 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2023.
Product: Difcor 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 19 products, 8 based on difenoconazole alone, 11 in combinations: 154 Argo, approved 20/06/2005-31/12/2023; 200 Difcor approved 14/06/2007-31/12/2023;210 Dividen 030 FS, approved 21/04/1997-31/12/2023; 414 Maxim Extra 050 FS (difenoconazole, fludioxonil), approved 03/03/2005-31/12/2023; 600 Score 250 EC, approved 30/01/2007-31/12/2023; 778 Ortiva Top (difenoconazole, azoxystrobin), approved 28/03/2013-31/12/2024; 851 Dynali (difenoconazole, cyflufenamid), approved 05/11/2014-31/12/2024; 890 Difenzone, approved 23/01/2015-31/12/2023; 897 Magnello (difenoconazole, tebuconazole), approved 21/09/2015-31/12/2024; 951 Amistar Gold (difenoconazole, azoxystrobin), approved 09/02/2016-31/12/2023; 981 Interest, approved 20/06/2016-31/12/2023; 1067 Narita, approved 18/05/2017-31/12/2023; 1158 Difend Extra (difenoconazole, fludioxonil), approved 11/06/2018-31/12/2023; 1195 Sercadis Plus (difenoconazole, fluxapyroxad), approved 31/01/2019-31/12/2023; 1293 Decibel Max (difenoconazole, kresoxim-methyl), approved 16/06/2020-31/12/2023; 1316 Vibrance Gold (difenoconazole, sedaxan, fludioxonil), approved 06/11/2020-31/12/2024;1425 Spyrale (difenoconazole, fenpropidin), approved 10/12/2021-31/12/2023; 1475 Difure Solo, approved 31/05/2022-31/12/2023; 1513 Dynasty (difenoconazole, azoxystrobin), approved 24/10/2022-31/12/2024.
- PPDB University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Difenoconazole
- Leite, D.T., Sampaio, R.B:, Santos, J.N., Chambo, E.D., Carvalho, C.A.L., Sodré, G.S. 2018. Toxicity of Fenpyroximate, Difenoconazole and Mineral oil on Apis Mellifera L. Sociobiology 65 (4) 737-743. 44 references
- McArt, S.H., Fersch, A.A., Milano, N.J., Truitt, L.L., Böröczky, K. 2017. High pesticide risk to honey bees despite low focal crop pollen collection during pollination of a mass blooming crop. Scientific Reports 7, 46554. 55 references
- Marek Kubik, Janusz Nowacki, Andrzej Pidek, Zofia Warakomska, Lech Michalczuk, et al.. 2000. Residues of captan (contact) and difenoconazole (systemic) fungicides in bee products from an apple orchard. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 31 (4), pp.531-541. 11 references
ON HVAR: Difcor recommended by a well-respected Hvar olive oil producer for use in April 2019 against olive leaf spot (spilocaea oleagina Cast. Croatian: paunovo oko)
 
DIMETHOMORPH substance group morpholine
Possible adverse effects: toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, crustaceans and plants, with long-lasting effects; hazardous to the aquatic environment; possibly affects honeybees through accumulation in pollen; slight risk for bumblebees and birds; moderately toxic to earthworms; can affect soil bacteria, impacting on soil nitrification and ammonification; in humans: irritant to respiratory tract, skin and eyes; possibly causes chromosome aberrations; possibly affects reproduction and development
EU: Approved 01/10/2007-31/07/2023
Products: Acrobat MZ WG (dimethomorph with mancozeb), Cabrio Team (dimethomorph and pyraclostrobin) 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 5 products, all in combinations: 272 Forum Star (dimethomorph, folpet), approved 12/12/1997-31/12/2023; 998 Orvego (dimethomorph, ametocradin), approved 12/09/2016-31/07/2023; 1013 Sphinx Extra 685 WDG (dimethomorph, folpet), approved 05/10/2016-31/07/2024; 1276 Metomor F (dimethomorph, folpet), approved 28/02/2020-31/07/2023; 1313 Diflunova (dimethomorph, fluazinam), approved 25/09/2020-31/07/2023 Acrobat MZ WG approval withdrawn 04/07/2021; Cabrio Team not approved
- PubChem 2023. Dimethomorph
- PPDB Pesticide Properties Database University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Dimethomorph
- Böhma, F., Bischoff, G., Zebitz, C.P.W., Rosenkranz, P., Wallner, K. 2018. Pesticide residue survey of pollen loads collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera) in daily intervals at three agricultural sites in South Germany. PLoS One published online July 6th 2018.
- Wang, C., Zhang, Q., Wang, F., Liang, W., 2017. Toxicological effects of dimethomorph on soil enzymatic activity and soil earthworm (Eisenia fetida) Chemosphere 169 316-323
- Cycoń, M., Piotrowska-Seget, Z., Kozdrój, J. 2010. Responses of indigenous microorganisms to a fungicidal mixture of mancozeb and dimethomorph added to sandy soils. International Biodeterioration and Biogredation 64 (4) 316-323
 
DIMOXYSTROBIN, substance group strobilurin
EU: approved o1/01/2006 - 31/07/2024
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects, highly toxic to fish, earthworms, aquatic invertebrates; toxic to honeybees, birds, sediment dwelling organisms, algae; in humans: endocrine disruptor, suspected carcinogen, suspected of reproduction / development effects - suspected of damaging unborn child
Product: Pictor (dimoxystrobin and boscalid)
Product approval: Croatia FIS, February 2023: 494 Pictor approved 29/12/2006-31/12/2023
Sources:
PubChem 2023. Dimoxystrobin
PPDB 2023. Dimoxystrobin
 
DITHIANON, substance group quinone
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to fish, aquatic life, hazardous to the aquatic environment; moderately toxic to birds, earthworms; in humans: toxic; possible carcinogen; possible liver and kidney toxicant; if swallowed, may cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; can cause serious eye irritation
EU: Approved 01/06/2011 - 31/08/2024
Product: Pergado D (dithianon, mandipropamid)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 9 products, 5 based on dithianon alone, 4 in combinations: 923 Faban (dithianon, pirimethanil), approved 20/11/2015-30/04/2024; 930 Delan 700 WDG, approved 01/06/2016-31/08/2025; 996 Delan Pro (dithianon, calcium phosphonates), approved 12/08/2016-31/08/2025; 1196 Pergado D (dithianon, mandipropamid), approved 28/01/2019-31/07/2024; 1266 Delan SC, approved 17/01/2020-31/05/2025; 1382 Alcoban, approved 27/07/2021-31/08/2025; 1395 Dynamo, approved 04/10/2021-31/08/2025; 1517 Ditoflo 700 WG, approved 02/11/2022-31/08/2025. 1038 Tercel (dithianon, pyraclostrobin), approval (01/09/2017-31/01/2022) ended, final deadline 31/07/2023
- PubChem 2023. Dithianon
- PPDB Pesticide Properties Database University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Dithianon
 
FLUDIOXONIL substance group phenylpyrrole
EU: approved 01/11/2008 - 31/10/2023
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates, fish; damaging to birds, earthworms, aquatic crustaceans, sediment dwelling organisms, aquatic plants, algae; in humans, suspected carinogen; suspected of damaging the  unborn child; eye and skin irritant.
Products: Switch 62,5WG (cypronidil & fludioxonil), Maxim 025 FS, Geoxe
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 10 products, 2 based on fludioxonil alone, 8 in combinations: 413 Maxim 025 FS, approved 12/04/1999-31/12/2023; 414 Maxim Extra 050 FS (fludioxonil, difenoconazole), approved 03/03/2005-31/12/2023; 416 Maxim XL 035 FS (fludioxonil, metalaxyl-M), approved 01/02/2007-31/12/2023; 646 Switch 62,5 WG (fludioxonil, cyprodinil) approved 07/02/2007-31/12/2023; 968 Geoxe, approved 02/05/2016-31/12/2024;1066 Vibrance Duo (fludioxonil, sedaxan), approved 04/05/2017-31/10/2024; 1158 Difend Extra (fludioxonil, difenoconazole), approved 11/06/2018-31/12/2023; 1225 Kinto Plus (fludioxonil, fluxapyroxad, triticonazole), approved 22/07/2019-31/10/2023; 1316 Vibrance Gold (fludioxonil, difenoconazole, sedaxan), approved 06/11/2020-31/12/2024; 1491 Vibrance Star (fludioxonil, sedaxan, triticonazole), approved 22/07/2022-31/10/2023
PubChem 2023. Fludioxonil
PPDB 2023 Fludioxonil
 
FLUOPYRAM, substance group benzamide, pyramide
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to fish, aquatic plants and algae, with long-lasting effects; slightly toxic to bees, birds, earthworms; in humans, can cause serisous eye irritation; possibly causes damage to nervous system; affects reproduction, possibly damages the unborn child.
EU: Approved 01/02/2014 - 31/01/2024
Products: Luna ® Privilege (fluopyram); Luna Care (fluopyram with fosetyl) Luna Experience (fluopyram with tebuconazole), Luna Sensation (fluopyram with trifloxystrobin), Velum Prime 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 7 products, 2 based on fluopyram alone, 5 in combinations: 858 Luna Experience (fluopyram, tebuconazole), approved 19/01/2015-31/08/2024; 859 Luna Privilege, approved 09/02/2015-31/01/2025; 945 Velum Prime, approved 04/02/2016-31/01/2025; 974 Propulse (fluopyram, protioconazole), approved 30/05/2016-31/07/2024; 1111 Ascra Xpro (fluopyram, bixafen, protioconazole), approved 01/12/2017-31/07/2024; 1240 Luna Sensation (fluopyram, trifloxystrobin), approved 09/07/2019-31/01/2025; 1289 Luna Care (fluopyram, fosetyl), approved 23/04/2020-30/04/2024
- PubChem 2023. Fluopyram
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database, 2023. Fluopyram
- Bayer Crop Science Safety Data Sheet, 2017. Luna Experience SC400
USED ON HVAR Luna Experience, Luna Sensation and Luna Privilege used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Luna Privilege and Luna Experience (14.03.2019., 10.05.2019., 24.05.2019., 18.06.2019.,26.06.2019., 26.07.2019)
ON HVAR 2021 Fluopyram identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
FLUXAPYROXAD substance group pyrazolium
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; toxic to birds, earthworms, fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic custaceans, aquatic plants, algae; somewhat toxic to honeybees; in humans: suspected carcinogen, possible reproduction / development effects, possible eye irritant
EU: approved 01/01/2013 - 31/05/2025.
Product: Priaxor EC (fluxapyroxad, pyraklostrobin)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS, February 2023, 9 products, 3 based on fluxapyroxad alone, 6 in combinations: 1010 Systiva, approved 06/10/2016-31/12/2023; 1088 Sercadis, 24/05/2017-31/05/2026; 1103 Priaxor EC (fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin), approved 24/10/2017-31/01/2024; 1195 Sercadis Plus (fluxapyroxad, difenoconazole), approved 31/01/2019-31/12/2023; 1225 Kinto Plus (fluxapyroxad, fludioxonil, triticonazole), approved 22/07/2019-31/10/2023; 1388 Revystar XL (fluxapyroxad, mefentrifluconazole), approved 22/07/2021-31/05/2026; 1448 Revytrex (fluxapyroxad, mefentrifluconazole), approved 22/02/2022-31/05/2026; 1450 Imtrex XE, approved 25/02/2022-31/05/2026; 1469 Mizona (fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin), approved 06/05/2022-31/01/2024
PPDB 2023. Fluxapyroxad
PubChem 2023. Fluxapyroxad
 
FOLPET (synthetic phthalimide)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms; moderately toxic to earthworms; causes developmental effects in animals; in humans: probable human carcinogen; possibly disrupts fertility; toxic if inhaled; causes serious eye irritation; can cause allergic skin reactions. ECHA warnings: hazardous to the environment and human health
EU: Approved 01/10/2007 - 31/07/2023. ECHA: approved 01/01/2016-31/12/2025 under PT 06 (preservatives for products during storage), no product listing; PT 07 (film preservatives) 01/10/2016-30/09/2026, no product listing; PT09 (fibre, leather, rubber and polymerised materials preservatives) 01/10/2016-30/09/2026, 1 product listing.
Products: Universalis (folpet and azoxystrobin), Folpet 80 WDG, Folpan 50 WP, Phoenix®, Mikal Flash (folpet and fosetyl-al), Mikal (folpet and fosetyl-al), Mikal Premium F (folpet, fosetyl, iprovalicarb), Pergado F (folpet and mandipropamid) 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 20 products, 5 based on folpet alone, 15 in combinations: 264 Folpan 80 WDG, approved 26/01/2005-31/12/2023; 272 Forum Star (dimethomorph, folpet), approved 12/12/1997-31/12/2023; 278 Futura 50 WP, approved 30/01/2002-31/12/2023; 430 Mikal Flash (folpet, fosetyl), approved 30/11/2006-31/12/2023; 431 Mikal Premium F (folpet, fosetyl, iprovalicarb), approved 29/11/2007-31/12/2023; 489 Pergado F (folpet, mandipropamid), approved 26/11/2007-31/12/2023; 573 Folpan Gold (folpet, metalaxyl-M), approved 15/10/2003-31/12/2023; 701 Universalis (azoxystrobin, folpet), approved 21/05/2007-31/12/2023; 787 Momentum Trio (cymoxanil, fosetyl, folpet), approved 13/06/2016-31/08/2023; 997 Solofol, approved 24/08/2016-31/07/2023; 1013 Sphinx Extra 685 WDG (dimethomorph, folpet), approved 05/10/2016-31/07/2024; 1034 Fantic F, approved 09/02/2017-31/07/2024; 1046 Vincare (folpet, benthiavalicarb), approved 06/03/2017-31/07/2023; 1165 Magma Triple (cymoxanil, folpet, fosetyl), approved 21/06/2018-31/08/2023; 1248 "Folpan 80 WDG", approved 09/07/2019-31/12/2023; 1276 Metomor F (dimethomorph, folpet), approved 28/02/2020-31/07/2023; 1337 Actlet F (folpet, metalaxyl-M), approved 04/02/2021-31/07/2023; 1344 Valis F (folpet, valifenalate), approved 03/03/2021-31/07/2023; 1477 Magma Triple WG (cymoxanil, fosetyl, folpet), approved 02/06/2022-31/07/2023. 165 Curzate F (cymoxanil, folpet), approved 10/03/2006, approval ending 24/03/2023, final deadline 24/03/2024. Mikal and Folpan 50WP not approved
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Folpet.
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Folpet.
- United States Environmental Protection Agency 1999. R.E.D. facts. Folpet.
USED ON HVAR Mikal, Mikal Flash, Universalis and Pergado used by farmers cultivating grapes and olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
30th April 2019, following heavy rain on Hvar, the Agriculture Ministry's Scientific Support Department advised grape growers to use Pergado F to prevent downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)
12th April 2019, the Agriculture Ministry's Scientific Support Department advised grape growers to use Folpet fungicides preventively against black spot (Phomopsis viticola)
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Mikal Flash, Mikal Premium F (02/05/2019, 27/05/2019, 18/06/2019, 03/07/2019), and Pergado F (27/05/2019)
 
FOSETYL, FOSETYL-ALUMINIUM (Fosetyl-al) Organophosphate
Possible adverse effects: toxic to mammals, bees, birds, fish, aquatic invertebrates, algae, earthworms; possible human carcinogen; irritant if inhaled, can cause lung damage; causes serious eye irritation or damage; skin irritant
EU: approved 01/05/2007 - 30/04/2023. Fosetyl-Al not approved.
Products: Luna Care (fosetyl and fluopyram), Mikal Flash (folpet and fosetyl-al), Mikal (folpet and fosetyl-al), Mikal Premium F (folpet, fosetyl, iprovalicarb), Aliette Flash, Fosetyl-Al 80WP, Previcur Energy (propamocarb with fosetyl-al).
Product approvals: Croatia FIS 21 products listed, 12 based on fosetyl alone, 9 in combinations: 15 Aliette Flash, approved 27/11/2006-31/12/2023; 41 AVI WG, approved 13/01/2005-31/12/2023; 430 Mikal Flash (folpet, fosetyl), approved 30/11/2006-31/12/2023; 431 Mikal Premium F (folpet, fosetyl, iprovalicarb), approved 29/11/2007-31/12/2023; 520 Previcur Energy (fosetyl, propamocarb), approved 23/05/2007-31/12/2023; 523 Profiler (fosetyl, fluopicolide), approved 09/01/2008-31/12/2023; 787 Momentum Trio (cymoxanil, fosetyl, folpet), approved 13/06/2016-31/08/2023; 802 Azimut 80 WG, approved 20/12/2012-30/04/2024; 892 Alfil, approved 20/08/2015-30/04/2024; 893 Alfil WG, approved 20/08/2015-30/04/2024; 992 Optix R (fosetyl, copper compounds: tribasic copper sulphate) approved 04/08/2016-01/01/2024; 1165 Magma Triple (cymoxanil, folpet, fosetyl), approved 21/06/2018-31/08/2023; 1261 Kilate WG, approved 18/12/2019-30/04/2024; 1274 Golbex WG, approved 26/02/2020-30/04/2024; 1275 Keyfol WG, approved 27/02/2020-30/04/2024; 1289 Luna Care (fluopyram, fosetyl), approved 23/04/2020-30/04/2024; 1291 Kilate WP, approved 02/06/2020-30/04/2024; 1367 Allum, approved 10/06/2021-30/04/2024; 1457 Keyfol WP, approved 18/03/2022-30/04/2024; 1463 Golbex WP, approved 30/03/2022-30/04/2024; 1477 Magma Triple WG (cymoxanil, fosetyl, folpet), approved 02/06/2022-31/07/2023. Aliette WG, Mikal not approved
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Fosetyl-Al
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Fosetyl-al
- United States Environmental Protection Agency 1991. R.E.D. facts. Fosetyl-Al
USED ON HVAR Mikal and Mikal Flash used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Mikal Flash, Mikal Premium F (02.05.2019, 27.05.2019, 18.06.2019, 03.07.2019), and Aliette Flash (12.04.2019)
 
IPROVALICARB substance group carbamate
Possible adverse effects: marine pollutant; very toxic to aquatic organisms; toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates; may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment; moderately toxic to earthworms; in humans: possible carcinogen; corrosive to skin; highly damaging to health if swallowed (Melody Duo WP66,8)
EU: Approved 01/04/2016-31/03/2031
Products: Mikal Premium F (folpet, fosetyl, iprovalicarb), Melody Duo 66,8, Melody Duo WP 66,75 (propineb and iprovalicarb)
Product approval: Croatia FIS : February 2023, 1 product: 431 Mikal Premium F approved 29/11/2007.-31/12/2023. Melody Duo 66,8, Melody Duo WP 66,75 not approved
- PubChem 2023. Iprovalicarb
- PPDB Pesticide Properties Database University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Iprovalicarb
- US Environmental Protection Agency 2002. Iprovalicarb (Melody) Pesticide Tolerance 8/02.
- European Commission 2002. Review Report for the active substance iprovalicarb (working document)
 
KRESOXIM METHYL (substance group strobilurin)
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life; Highly toxic to the aquatic environment with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to mammals; moderately toxic to earthworms; slightly toxic to honey bees (apis mellifera); in humans: probable carcinogen; irritant to respiratory tract, skin and eyes
EU: approved 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2024.
Product: Stroby WG 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS :February 2023, 8 products, 3 based on kresoxim-methyl alone, 5 in combinations: 633 Stroby WG, approved 25/07/2011-31/12/2025; 1142 Collis (boscalid, kresoxim-methyl), approved 05/02/2018-31/07/2023; 1284 Sugoby, approved 27/03/2020-31/12/2025; 1285 Quimera, approved 27/03/2020-31/12/2025; 1293 Decibel Max (kresoxim-methyl, difenoconazole) approved 16/06/2020-31/12/2023; 1453 Decibel Vitis (kresoxim-methyl, penconazole) approved 07/03/2022-31/12/2023; 1504 Duett Turbo (kresoxim-methyl, mefentrifluconazole) approved 22/09/2022-31/12/2025; 1532 Empartis (boscalid, kresoxim-methyl), approved 13/12/2022-31/07/2024
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Kresoxim Methyl
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023 . Kresoxim Methyl
- Tesoriero, D., Maccagnani, B., Santi, F., Celli, G. 2003. Toxicity of three pesticides on larval instars of Osmia cornuta: preliminary results. Bulletin of Insectology 56 (1) 169-171. 21 references
 
MANCOZEB (substance group carbamate)
Possible adverse effects: toxic to fish, birds, aquatic invertebrates; moderately toxic to bees, earthworms, algae; in humans: possible thyroid disruptor; possible effects on reproduction and development; respiratory tract irritant; eye irritant
EU / ECHA: not approved
Products: Cadillac 80WP, Acrobat MZ WG (mancozeb, dimethomorph), Fubol Gold (mancozeb, metalaxyl), Mancozeb Blue 72 WG, Mancozeb Flowable with Zinc, Matco 8-64 (mancozeb with metalaxyl), Ridomil Gold MZ pepite (mancozeb, metalaxyl), Ridomil Gold MZ 68WP (mancozeb with metalaxyl), Pergado MZ (Mandipropamid with Mancozeb)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023: No approved products. Cadillac 80WP approval withdrawn 04/07/2021, previously approved 15/06/2015-31/01/2021; Acrobat MZ WG approval withdrawn 04/07/2021, previously approved 29/12/2006-31/12/2023; Mancozeb Blue 72 WG approval withdrawn 04/07/2021; Ridomil Gold MZ pepite approval withdrawn 04/07/2021, previously approved 24/01/2011-24/01/2021, Pergado MZ approval withdrawn 04/07/2021, previously approved 21/05/2007-31/12/2023. Ridomil Gold MZ 68WP, Fubol Gold not approved
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Mancozeb
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Mancozeb
- Axelstad, M., Boberg, J., Nellemann, C., Kiersgaard, M., Jacobsen, P.R., Christiansen, S., Hougaard, K.S., Hass, U. 2011. Exposure to the widely used fungicide mancozeb causes thyroid disruption in rat dams but no behavioral effects in the offspring. Toxicological Sciences 120 (2) 439-446
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2005. Mancozeb Facts - Pesticide Reregistration
ON HVAR: Ridomil and Cadillac used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
24th May 2019, the Agriculture Ministry's Scientific Support Department advised vegetable growers to use Ridomil Gold MZ preventively on potatoes, garlic, onions, tomatoes and peppers.
12th April 2019, the Agriculture Ministry's Scientific Support Department advised grape growers to use Mancozeb fungicides preventively against black spot (Phomopsis viticola)
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use mancozeb (26.04.2019, 10.05.2019, 26.06.2019); Acrobat MZ (12.04.2019, 05.06.2019, 18.06.2019., 03.07.2019); Pergado MZ (19.06.2019); Ridomil Gold MZ pepite (12.04.2019, 05.06.2019, 18.06.2019, 19.06.2019, 03.07.2019)
 
MANDIPROPAMID (substance group mandelamide)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms; moderately toxic to birds and earthworms; can be harmful to the liver and kidneys; eye irritant.
EU: Approved 01/08/2013 - 31/07/2023.
Products: Pergado F (mandipropamid, folpet), Pergado D (mandipropamid, dithianon), Pergado MZ (mandipropamid, mancozeb)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 4 products, 1 based on Mandipropamid alone : 489 Pergado F (folpet, mandipropamid), approved 26/11/2007-31/12/2023; 571 Revus, approved 26/11/2007-31/12/2023; 1175 Ampexio (mandipropamid, zoxamide), approved 14/08/2018-01/07/2025; 1196 Pergado D (dithianon, mandipropamid), approved 28/01/2019-31/07/2024 Pergado MZ approval withdrawn 04/07/2021, previously approved 21/05/2007-31/12/2023.
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Mandipropamid
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database, 2023. Mandipropamid
ON HVAR: Pergado used especially by grape-growers (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Pergado MZ (19.06.2019)
 
METALAXYL, METALAXYL-M (substance group phenylamide)
Possible adverse effects: toxic to bees, birds, fish, earthworms; in humans: can cause serious eye damage; skin irritant; very harmful if swallowed
EU: Metalaxyl approved 01/07/2010 - 30/06/2023; Metalaxyl-M approved 01/06/2020-31/05/2035.
Products: Folio Gold (metalaxyl, chlorothalonil), Fubol Gold (mancozeb, metalaxyl), Ridomil Gold MZ pepite (mancozeb, metalaxyl), Ridomil Gold MZ 68WP (mancozeb with metalaxyl), Ridomil Gold Plus 42,5 WP (metalaxyl-M, copper compounds, copper oxychloride); Ridomil Gold R (metalaxyl-M, copper compounds, copper oxychloride)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 9 products, 1 based on metalaxyl alone, 2 onmetalaxyl with other substances; 6 on metalaxyl-M with other substances: 28 Apron XL 350 ES (metalaxyl-M), approved 25/07/2011-25/07/2023; 416 Maxim XL 035 FS (fludioxonil, metalaxyl-M), approved 01/02/2007-31/12/2023; 573 Folpan Gold (folpet, metalaxyl-M), approved 15/10/2003-31/12/2023; 1047 Ridomil Gold R (metalaxyl-M, copper compounds: copper oxychloride), approved 11/04/2017-30/06/2025; 1144 Cyclo R Liquido (metalaxyl, copper compounds: copper hydroxide), approved 22/03/2018-31/01/2024; 1235 Redigo M (metalaxyl, protioconazole), approved 12/09/2019-31/07/2023; 1335 Armetil 25, approved 28/12/2020-30/06/2024; 1337 Actlet F (folpet, metalaxyl-M), approved 04/02/2021-31/07/2023. 266 Fonganil Gold (metalaxyl-M), approval 14/12/2010-24/03/2023 ended, final deadline 24/03/2024; Ridomil Gold MZ pepite approval withdrawn 04/07/2021, previously approved 24/01/2011-24/01/2021 Folio Gold authorization withdrawn 20/11/2019; Ridomil Gold Plus 42,5 WP authorization withdrawn 01/01/2020; Ridomil Gold MZ 68WP, Fubol Gold not approved
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Metalaxyl-M
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Metalaxyl-M
ON HVAR: Ridomil used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Ridomil Gold MZ pepite (12.04.2019., 05.06.2019., 18.06.2019., 19.06.2019., 03.07.2019.)
 
METIRAM (substance group carbamate)
Possible adverse effects: Moderately toxic to fish; highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates; highly toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; hazardous to the aquatic environment; moderately toxic to honeybees and earthworms; in humans: can cause skin and eye irritation; can cause anaemia; toxic if ingested or inhaled; can cause abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea if ingested; classified as a possible human carcinogen
EU: Approved 01/07/2006 - 31/01/2024
Products: Cabrio® Top (metiram & pyraclostrobin), Polyram DF 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 2 products, 1 based on metiram alone: 101 Cabrio Top (metiram, pyraclostrobin) approved 07/04/2011-31/01/2024; 755 Polyram DF, approved 02/02/2012-31/01/2024
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Metiram
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Metiram
ON HVAR: Cabrio® Top used by individuals cultivating vines, olives (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised grape-growers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use the Metiram fungicide Polyram DF preventively against black spot (Phomopsis viticola) (12th April 2019)
 
PENCONAZOLE, (substance group triazole)
Possible adverse effects: toxic to bees, birds, fish, aquatic invertebrates and algae; in humans: suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child; possible endocrine disruptor; very harmful if swallowed
EU: Approved 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2021.
Products: Topas 100EC, Penconazole 200 EW, Hockley Pencon 10
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 3 products, 2 based on penconazole alone: 679 Topas 100 EC, approved 01/02/2007-31/12/2023; 1453 Decibel Vitis (penconazole, kresoxim-methyl) approved 07/03/2022-31/12/2023; 1488 Kantarel, approved 27/05/2022-31/12/2023
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Penconazole
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Penconazole
ON HVAR: Topas used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Topas (05.06.2019, 18.06.2019, 03.07.2019, 26.07.2019)
 
PROPAMOCARB (substance group carbamate)
Possible adverse effects: Potentially harmful to herbivorous and insectivorous birds; moderately toxic to fish and honeybees; in humans: harmful if swallowed; skin irritant; possible endocrine disruptor; possible neurotoxicant
EU: Approved 01/10/2007-31/07/2023
Products: Previcur Energy (propamocarb with fosetyl-al); Previcur 670SL (propamocarb hydrochloride).
Product approvals: Croatia FIS February 2023, 6 products, 3 based on propamocarb alone, 3 in combinations: 331 Infinito (propamocarb, fluopicolide) approved 21/01/2008-31/12/2023; 520 Previcur Energy (propamocarb, fosetyl) approved 23/05/2007-31/1272023; 524 Proplant, approved 06/12/2002-31/12/2023; 924 Proxanil 450 SC (propamocarb, cymoxanil) approved 04/12/2015-31/07/2024; 1209 Rival, approved 28/03/2019-31/07/2023; 1392 Omix, approved 20/09/2021-31/07/2023. Previcur 607SL not approved
Sources:- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Propamocarb
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database. 2023. Propamocarb
- EFSA Scientific report 2006. Conclusion on the peer review of propamocarb. EFSA 78, 1-80.
 
PROPICONAZOLE (substance group triazole)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to fish; toxic to aquatic organisms; in humans, highly irritant to eyes and skin; harmful if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin; can cause skin allergies; possible liver toxicant; possible endocrine disruptor; classified as possible carcinogen by USEPA.
EU: Not approved
Products: Tilt 250EC, Tilt CB 187.5 FW (carbendazim and propiconazole) Menara, Mantis, Banner Maxx.
Croatia FIS March 2023: No approved products; Tilt 250EC, Tilt CB 187.5FW not approved
Sources: - University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Propiconazole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. Tilt fungicide. Revised master label
ON HVAR: Tilt used by individuals cultivating vines, olives (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
 
PROPINEB (substance type: carbamate)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life; toxic to bees, birds, earthworms; in humans: can cause organ damage, allergic skin reactions; toxic on skin contact; suspected as possible carcinogen, respiratory tract irritant.
EU: not approved
Products: Antracol®WPG70, Antracol®WP/70 (with zinc), Antracol Combi WP/76 (propineb, cymoxanil), Propineb 70%
Croatia FIS February 2023: No approved products. Antracol®WPG70, Antracol®WP/70, Antracol Combi not approved
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023. Propineb
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Propineb
ON HVAR: Antracol used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
 
PROTHIOCONAZOLE (substance group triazolinthione)
Possible adverse effects: toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic crustaceans and sediment dwelling organisms; very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; hazardous to the aquatic environment; toxic to honeybees and earthworms; in humans: can affect reproduction and development; possible endocrine disruptor; can cause skin irritation; possible irritant if inhaled.
EU: Approved 01/08/2008-31/07/2023
Products: Falcon Forte (prothioconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole); Ascra Xpro (fluopyram, prothioconazole, bixafen) 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023, 23 products, 8 based on prothioconazole alone, 15 in combinations: 526 Prosaro 250 EC (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 16/01/2007-31/03/2023; 865 Lamardor 400 FS (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 10/03/2015-31/08/2023; 974 Propulse (prothioconazole, fluopyram) approved 30/05/2016-31/07/2024; 987 Redigo Pro (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 18/07/2016-31/08/2023; 1083 Elatus Era (prothioconazole, benzovindiflupyr) approved 05/07/2017-02/03/2024; 1111 Ascra Pro (prothioconazole, fluopyram, bixafen) approved 01/12/2017-31/07/2024; 1184 Proline, approved 14/11/2018-31/07/2023; 1199 Curbatur 250 EC, approved 20/02/2019-31/07/2023; 1204 Falcon Forte (prothioconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole) approved 20/03/2019-31/08/2023; 1235 Redigo M (prothioconazole, metalaxyl) approved 12/09/2019-31/07/2023; 1342 Redigo FS 100, approved 15/02/2021-31/07/2023; 1346 Praktis, approved 03/03/2021-31/07/2023; 1373 Protendo 300 EC, approved 16/06/2021-31/07/2023; 1409 Pecari 300 EC, approved 14/09/2021-31/07/2023; 1419 Delaro Forte (prothioconazole, spiroxamine, trifloxystrobin) approved 06/12/2021-31/12/2024; 1424 Protos, approved 10/12/2021-31/07/2024; 1439 Prosaro Plus (prothioconazole, spiroxamine) approved 17/02/2022-31/07/2027; 1461 Univoq (prothioconazole, fenpicoxamid) approved 21/03/2022-31/07/2023; 1480 Jaguar (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 31/05/2022-31/07/2024; 1482 Protiokonazol 300 EC approved 31/03/2022-31/07/2023; 1505 Verben (prothioconazole, proquinazid) approved 22/09/2022-31/07/2024; 1534 Smaragd (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 05/01/2023-31/07/2024; 1539 Hilago, approved 09/01/2023-31/07/2024
Sources: - PubChem 2023. Prothioconazole
- PPDB Pesticide Properties Database University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Prothioconazole
- Zhang, Z. Du, G., Gao, B., Hu, K., Kaziem A.E., Li, L., He, Z., Shi, H., Wang, M. 2019. Stereoselective endocrine-disrupting effects of the chiral triazole fungicide prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite. Environmental Pollution, 251 30-36
- CLH Report, Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling. 2018. Substance name: Prothioconazole.
- EPA 2016. Prothioconazole; Pesticide Tolerances. Federal Register, The Daily Journal of the United States Government.
- EFSA 2007. Conclusion regarding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance prothioconazole. EFSA Scientific Report 106 1-98
 
PYRACLOSTROBIN (carbamate ester, substance group strobilurin)
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to fish, aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; hazardous to the aquatic environment with long-term effects; in humans: toxic, acutely dangerous if inhaled, can be fatal if swallowed; may cause respiratory irritation; causes eye and skin irritation; causes neurodegeneration; can cause nausea, headache, dizziness, chest pain
EU: Approved 01/06/2004 - 31/01/2024
Products: Cabrio® Top (pyraclostrobin & metiram), Baitai ® (pyraclostrobin & metiram), Cabrio Team ® (pyraclostrobin & dimethomorph), Signum (pyraclostrobin & boscalid), Bellis (pyraclostrobin and boscalid), Priaxor EC
Product approvals: Croatia FIS, March 2023, 11 products listed, 3 based on pyraclostrobin alone, 8 in combination: 66 Bellis (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), approved 04/01/2008-31/12/2023; 101 Cabrio Top (pyraclostrobin, metiram) approved 07/04/2011-31/01/2024; 616 Signum (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), approved 29/12/2006-31/12/2023; 901 Retengo, approved 23/08/2015-31/01/2024; 1103 Priaxor EC (fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin), approved 24/10/2017-31/01/2024; 1356 Revycare, approved 23/09/2015-31/01/2024; 1462 Architect (pyraclostrobin, mepiquat, prohexadione) approved 29/03/2022-31/12/2024; 1469 Mizona (fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin), approved 06/05/2022-31/01/2024; 1479 Pictor Active (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), approved 09/06/2022-31/01/2024; 1519 Insignia, approved 03/11/2022-31/01/2024. 1038 Tercel (dithianon, pyraclostrobin), approval (01/09/2017-31/01/2022) ended, final deadline 31/07/2023; Cabrio Team not approved
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023. Pyraclostrobin
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Pyraclostrobin
- Pearson, B.L., Simon, J.M., McCoy, E.S., Salazar, G., Fragola, G., Zylka, M.J. 2016. Identification of chemicals that mimic transcriptional changes associated with autism, brain aging and neurodegeneration. Nature Communications 7, 11173
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Acute Pesticide Poisoning Associated with Pyraclostrobin Fungicide - Iowa 2007 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rreport 56 (51) 1343-1345
ON HVAR: Cabrio® Top used by individuals cultivating vines, olives (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Signum (19.06.2019)
ON HVAR 2021 Pyraclostrobin identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
PYRIMETHANIL (substance group anilinopyrimidine).
Possible adverse effects: toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; endocrine disruptor in tree frogs, causes liver and kidney damage in non-target species; toxic to earthworms; in humans, possible carcinogen; toxic through skin contact and inhalation
EU: approved 01/05/2007 - 30/04/2023
Products: Pyrus® 400SC, Scala  Product approvals: Croatia FIS, March 2023, 8 products listed, 7 based on pyrimethanil alone: 540 Pyrus 400 SC, approved 09/05/2007-31/12/2023; 923 Faban (pyrimethanil, dithianon) approved 20/11/2015-30/04/2024; 1000 Scala, approved 12/09/2016-30/04/2024; 1416 Penbotec 400 SC, approved 07/01/2022-30/04/2024; 1464 Avalon, approved 12/04/2022-30/04/2024; 1471 Laitane, approved 06/05/2022-30/04/2024; 1472 Erune 40 SC, approved 06/05/2022-30/04/2024; 1493 Pretil, approved 25/07/2022-30/04/2024
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023. Pyrimethanil
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database, 2023. Pyrimethanil
- Bernabo, I., Guardia, A., Macirella, R., Tripepi, S., Brunelli, E. 2017. Chronic exposure to fungicide pyrimethanil: multi-organ effects on the Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia). Scientific Reports 7, 6869.
USED ON HVAR: Pyrus® 400SC has been used especially on vines. (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Pyrus 400SC (26/04/2019, 10/05/2019, 05/06/2019, 18/06/2019, 26/07/2019, and Scala (19/06/2019)
 
SPIROXAMINE (substance group morpholine).
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life; in humans, suspected of causing damage to the unborn child; may cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure; harmful if swallowed or inhaled; can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.
EU: Approved 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2023.
Products: Impulse®, Prosper®500 EC, Falcon (spiroxamine with tebuconazole), Falcon EC 460 (spiroxamine, tebuconazole, tridimenol), Falcon Forte (spiroxamine, prothioconazole, tebuconazole) 
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023, 6 products, 2 based on spiroxamine alone, 4 in combinations: 960 Spirox, approved 04/04/2016-31/12/2024; 1204 Falcon Forte (spiroxamine, prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 20/03/2019- 31/08/2023; 1324 Prosper CS 300, approved 23/11/2020-31/12/2024; 1419 Delaro Forte (spiroxamine, prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin) approved 06/12/2021-31/12/2024; 1431 Cayunis (spiroxamine, trifloxystrobin, bixafen) approved 23/12/2021-31/12/2024; 1439 Prosaro Plus (spiroxamine, prothioconazole) approved 17/02/2022-31/07/2027. Falcon EC 460 approval withdrawn 31/08/2020, previously approved 10/02/2006-31/08/2020
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Spiroxamine
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Spiroxamine
- European Chemicals Agency, Substance Information. 2018. Spiroxamine
ON HVAR: Falcon used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Falcon 460EC (18/06/2019, 26/07/2019)
ON HVAR 2021 Spiroxamine identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
SULPHUR (inorganic compound)
Possible adverse effects: if inhaled can cause coughing, sneezing and respiratory impairment; skin contact can cause redness, itching and burning in sensitive individuals; eye contact can cause painful irritation, redness and tears; ingestion can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; can interfere with photosynthesis in plants.
EU: Sulphur approved 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2023; Lime sulphur (calcium polysulphid) approved 01/06/2011-31/08/2024; Sulphuric acid not approved.
Sulphur Safety Data Sheet Section 8.2: Eye protection: Use safety goggles with side protection; Skin protection • hand protection Wear suitable gloves. Chemical protection gloves are suitable, which are tested according to EN 374...• type of material NBR (Nitrile rubber) • material thickness >0,11 mm • breakthrough times of the glove material >480 minutes (permeation: level 6). Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection necessary at: Dust formation. Particulate filter device (EN 143). P1 (filters at least 80 % of airborne particles, colour code: White). Environmental exposure controls Keep away from drains, surface and ground water.
Products: Chromosul 80 (Warnings: Chromosul 80 to be used no more than four times a year, and never when the vine is fully developed; should not be mixed with propamocarb, captan, heptenophos, oils, bupirimate and folpet.); Sugran (Chromosul WG), Sumpor prašivo; Sumpor WG 80, Sumpor SC 80; Sumpor Micro 80WP, Sumpor močivi tiosam 80 mikro, Sumporno prašivo
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023, 17 products: 134 Chromosul 80, approved 04/09/1997-31/12/2023; 148 Cosavet DF approved 24/03/2004-31/12/2023;343 Kalinosul 80 WG approved 13/07/2000-31/12/2023; 363 Kossan WG approved 20/11/2001-31/12/2023; 366 Kumulus DF approved 20/06/2006-31/12/2023; 636 Solfosul 80 DF approved 07/03/2001-31/12/2023; 641 Sumpor SC-80 approved 25/05/1998-31/12/2023; 642 Sumporno prašivo approved 13/12/2004-31/12/2023; 657 Brimflo approved 19/02/2007-31/12/2023; 672 Thiovit Jet approved 06/12/2004-31/12/2023; 940 Sulgran approved 03/02/2016-31/12/2023; 1003 Sumpor prašivo approved 21/09/2016-31/12/2023; 1012 Sumpor WG 80 approved 14/10/2016-31/12/2023; 1053 Microthiol Special Disperss approved 12/04/2017-31/12/2024; 1420 Sumpor prašivo 98,5 DP approved 21/02/2022-31/12/2023; 1466 Azumo WG approved 06/04/2022-31/12/2023; 1489 Solfoxidante approved 28/12/2021-31/12/2023.Sumpor micro 80WP, Sumpor močivi tiosam 80 mikro not approved
Sources: - University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Sulphur
- Petit, A-N., Fontaine, F., Vatsa, P., Clément, C., Vaillant-Gaveau, N. 2012. Fungicide impacts on photosynthesis in crop plants. Photosynthesis Reseach 111 (3) 315-326
ON HVAR: Chromosul used, especially by grape-growers (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey'). Sulphur-based products used regularly in vineyards, especially after spring rains.
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use sulphur-based fungicides (15/03/2019, 19/06/2019, 26/06/2019,)
 
TEBUCONAZOLE (substance group triazole)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; toxic to bees, birds, earthworms; in humans: can damage the unborn child; possible human carcinogen; toxic if swallowed.
EU: Approved 01/09/2009 - 31/08/2023. ECHA: approved under PT07 (film preservatives), 08 (wood preservatives), 10 (construction material preservatives)
Products: Tebuconazole 3.6, Cogito (tebuconazole with propiconazole), Luna Experience (tebuconazole with fluopyram), Falcon 460EC (tebuconazole with spiroxamine), Falcon Forte (spiroxamine, prothioconazole, tebuconazole), Nativo 75WG (trifloxystrobin with tebuconazole).
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023, 25 products listed, 11 based on tebuconazole alone, 14 in combinations: 261 Folicur EW 250, approved 17/06/1997-31/12/2023; 448 Mystic EC approved 20/03/2008-31/12/2023; 450 Nativo 75 WG (tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin) approved 06/03/2008-31/12/2023; 471 Orius 6 FS approved 25/03/2004-31/12/2023; 526 Prosaro 250 EC (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 16/01/2007-31/03/2023; 858 Luna Experience (fluopyram, tebuconazole), approved 19/01/2015-31/08/2024; 861 Tebusha 25% EW approved 26/01/2016-31/08/2023; 865 Lamardor 400 FS (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 10/03/2015-31/08/2023; 889 Tebkin 250 EW approved 31/08/2015-31/08/2023; 890 Tebu Super 250 EW approved 31/08/2015-31/08/2023; 891 Tebucol approved 31/08/2015-31/08/2023; 897 Magnello (difenoconazole, tebuconazole), approved 21/09/2015-31/12/2024; 987 Redigo Proplant (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 18/07/2016-31/08/2023; 1028 Tebseme approved 13/01/2017-31/08/2023; 1044 Riza approved 01/03/2017-31/08/2023; 1052 Tarcza 060 FS approved 31/03/2017-31/08/2023; 1126 Custodia (azoxystrobin, tebuconazole), approved 09/01/2018-31/08/2024; 1131 Ulysses approved 15/01/2018-31/08/2023; 1204 Falcon Forte (prothioconazole, spiroxamine, tebuconazole) approved 20/03/2019-31/08/2023; 1220 Patras (azoxystrobin, tebuconazole), approved 20/05/2019-31/08/2023; 1244 Zantara (tebuconazole, bixafen) approved 31/07/2019-31/08/2023; 1359 Djembe (tebuconazole, bromuconazole) approved 20/04/2021-31/08/2023; 1480 Jaguar (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 31/05/2022-31/07/2024; 1534 Smaragd (prothioconazole, tebuconazole) approved 05/01/2023-31/07/2024. 721 Zamir (tecuconazole, prochloraz) approval 04/04/2008-31/12/2021 ended, deadline 30/06/2023; Falcon EC 460 approval revoked 30/08/2020, previously approved 10/02/2006-31/08/2020
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Tebuconazole
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Tebuconazole
ON HVAR: Luna and Falcon used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Falcon 460EC (18/06/2019, 26/07/2019); Luna Experience (14/03/2019, 10/05/2019, 24/05/2019, 18/06/2019, 26/06/2019, 26/07/2019), Nativo 75WG (08/03/2019, 14/03/2019, 15/03/2019, 12/04/2019, 02/05/2019, 24/05/2019, 27/05/2019, 05/06/2019, 18/06/2019, 19/06/2019, 03/07/2019)
 
TRIADIMENOL (substance group triazole)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; hazardous to the aquatic environment; causes reproductive disruption in medaka fish and mammals;can harm Eremias argus lizards; causes neurobehavioural effects in rats; in humans: highly toxic if swallowed; may damage fertility; may harm the unborn child; may harm a child being breast-fed; causes eye irritation; causes mild skin irritation
EU: Not approved
Product: Falcon EC 460.
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023: No products approved. Falcon EC 460 approval revoked 30/08/2020, previously approved 10/02/2006-31/08/2020.
Sources: - PubChem 2023. Triadimenol
- PPDB Pesticide Properties Database University of Hertfordshire. 2023. Triadimenol
Wang, Z., Tian, Z., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Diao, J., Zhou, Z. 2019. Stereoselective metabolism and potential adverse effects of chiral fungicide triadimenol on Eremias argus. Enironmental Science and Pollution Research 27, 7823-7834 (2020)
Walker, Q.D., Malman, R.D. 1996. Triadimefon and Triadimenol: Effects on Monoamine Uptake and Release. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 139 (2) 227-233
 
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN (substance group strobilurin)
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates and algae; very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to sediment-dwelling organisms and aquatic plants; moderately toxic to earthworms; low toxicity to honeybees; in humans: can cause problems with reproduction and development; can cause eye irritation and allergic skin reactions.
EU: approved 01/08/2018-31/07/2033.
Products: Nativo 75WG (trifloxystrobin with tebuconazole). Luna Sensation (trifloxystrobin with fluopyram). Zato Plus (trifloxystrobin and captan). Fandango EC 200
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023, 6 products, 1 based on trifloxystrobin alone, 5 in combinations: 450 Nativo 75 WG (tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin) approved 06/03/2008-31/12/2023; 723 Zato Plus (captan, trifloxystrobin), approved 21/01/2008-31/12/2023; 765 Zato 50 WG, approved 04/07/2012-04/07/2024; 1240 Luna Sensation (fluopyram, trifloxystrobin), approved 09/07/2019-31/01/2025; 1419 Delaro Forte (prothioconazole, spiroxamine, trifloxystrobin) approved 06/12/2021-31/12/2024; 1431 Cayunis (trifloxystrobin, spiroxamine, bixafen) approved 23/12/2021-31/12/2024. Fandango EC200 not approved
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Trifloxystrobin
- University of Hertfordshire: Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Trifloxystrobin
- Junges, C.M., Peltzer, P.M., Lajmanovich, R.C., Attademo, A.M., Cabagna Zenklusen, M.C., Basso, A. 2012. Toxicity of the fungicide trifloxystrobin on tadpoles and its effect on fish-tadpole interaction. Chemosphere 87 1348-1354.
ON HVAR Luna Sensation used by individuals cultivating vines, olives, etc (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019: the Agriculture Ministry's Department of Expert Support for the Development of Agriculture and Fishing advised farmers in the Split-Dalmatia County to use Nativo 75WG (08/03/2019, 14/03/2019, 15/03/2019, 12/04/2019, 02/05/2019, 24/05/2019, 27/05/2019, 05/06/2019, 18/06/2019, 19/06/2019, 03/07/2019)
ON HVAR 2021 Trifloxystrobin identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
ZINC SULPHIDE (inorganic compound)
Possible adverse effects: in humans, can be harmful if inhaled or swallowed; can cause skin or eye irritation; can cause headaches or nausea
EU: Zinc sulphide not listed
Product: Cuprablau Z (copper hydroxide, calcium chloride complex, & zinc sulphide)
Croatia FIS March 2023: No approved products; Cuprablau Z not approved
Sources:- ECHA 2021. Infocard: Zinc Sulphide
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database. 2023. Zinc Sulfide
- Fisher Science Education. 2015. Safety Data Sheet
- Angstrom Sciences Inc. 2015. Safety Data Sheet
Fungicide on trees, February 2019. Photo: Vivian Grisogono
 
4. LIMACIDE (MOLLUSCICIDE) ECHA APPROVAL CODE PT16, molluscicides, vermicides and products to control other invertebrates (against slugs, snails and other arthropods)
METALDEHYDE (Chemical compound)
Possible adverse effects: Highly toxic to aquatic organisms, with long-lasting effects; deadly to dogs and cats: Toxic to humans if swallowed or through skin contact or inhalation; can cause salivation, lethargy, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, convulsions, hyperthermia, comas, and death
EU: approved, 01/06/2011-31/05/2023. ECHA: not approved
Products: Pužomor, Corry's slug, snail and insect killer, Bug-geta snail and slug pellets, Slugit, Slug-Tox, Certis Deal 5, Meridien, Carakol, Metalden, Metarex. Combined with insecticide Carbaryl in Lily Miller Slug, Snail and Insect Killer Bait, also for Ortho Bug-Geta Plus. 
Product approvals: ECHA: no approved related products  Croatia FIS March 2023: 284 Gardene, approved 10/04/2006-31/12/2023; 534 Pužocid, approved 08/12/1999-31/12/2023; 535 Pužomor, approved 12/01/2005-31/12/2023; 1246 Metarex Inov, approved 08/08/2019-31/05/2024; 1290 Ecometal, approved 20/04/2020-31/05/2024; 1340 Plantella Arion +, approved 08/01/2021-31/05/2024
Sources: - PubChem Open Chemistry Database, 2023. Metaldehyde.
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Metaldehyde.
USED ON HVAR: widely used as Pužomor in gardens and fields, with frequent reported fatalities among dogs and cats.
 
5. RODENTICIDES ECHA APPROVAL CODE PT14, rodenticides
ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE insecticide, acaricide, rodenticide, fumigant
Possible adverse effects: Highly damaging to the environment, especially the aquatic environment; highly inflammable: in contact with water releases gases capable of spontaneous combustion; extremely toxic to humans, can be fatal if swallowed or inhaled; harmful through skin contact; can cause serious eye damage; damages the nervous system, causing delirium, coma and loss of consciousness; can cause cardiovascular disturbances (including dysrhythmia, transient atrial fibrillation, left ventricular failure); if ingested, can cause abdominal pain, vomiting, severe thirst and renal failure.
EU: approved 01/09/2009-31/08/2023; ECHA: approved PT14 rodenticides 01/09/2011-31/07/2024; approved PT18 (insecticides, acaricides and products to control other arthropods) 01/02/2012-31/07/2024; approved PT20 (control of other vertebrates) 01/07/2015-30/06/2025. 
Approved products: ECHA, April 2023: PT14 10 product approvals; PT18 3 product approvals; PT20 1 product approval; (renewal applications in progress for all categories). Croatia FIS, April 2023, 5 products: Phostoxin kuglice (15/09/2005-31/12/2023); Phostoxin pelete (20/06/2005-31/12/2023); Phostoxin tablete (30/08/2005-31/12/2023); Gastoxin Pellet (16/02/2021-31/08/2023); Quickphos 3G Tablets (08/03/2023-31/08/2024). MIZ (August 2022) no approved products    
- PubChem 2023: Aluminium Phosphide
- Gurjar, M., Baronia, A.K., Azim, A., Sharma, K. 2011. Managing aluminium phosphide poisonings. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma and Shock, 4 (3): 378-384 (Jul-Sept 2011), 82 references
- Sedaghattalab, M. 2022. Treatment of critical aluminium phosphide (rice tablet) poisoning with high-dose insulin: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 16, article number 192 (2022), 10 references
 
BRODIFACOUM. Rodenticide - superwarfarin - 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison.
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic when ingested, causes haemorrhage, can be fatal to humans and animals alike; can be fatal through inhalation and skin contact; highly toxic to fish and birds; causes long-lasting damaging effects in aquatic environments
EU, March 2023: Brodifacoum Not approved ECHA: approved, PT14, 01/02/2012 - 30/06/2024 - renewal application in progress, March 2023.
Products: Ratimor, Ridak, Delicat, Sorexa Checkatube. 
Product approvals, March 2023: ECHA 540 approved products listed. Croatia FIS/MIZ: No approved products, Ratimor products no longer approved
- PubChem, Open Chemistry Database 2023  Brodifacoum
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database, 2023. Brodifacoum
ON HVAR: Brodifacoum was on the list of pesticides recommended for use around Hvar Town, Stari Grad and the Jelsa Council area, under the Programme issued by the Split-Dalmatian County Public Health Institute for 2017, and in the Institute's Implementation Plan for 2018.
 
BROMADIOLONE. Rodenticide - anticoagulant - superwarfarin - 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant poison.
Possible adverse effects: Acutely toxic, can be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or via skin contact; may damage fertility or the unborn child; can cause organ damage in humans; highly toxic to fish and aquatic life, also to earthworms.
EU, March 2023: Bromadiolone not approved as from 31/05/2021 ECHA: approved, PT14, 01/07/2011 - 30/06/2024 renewal application in progress, March 2023
Products: Ratimor wax blocks, Ratimor Bromadiolone Fresh Bait, Ratimor Bromadiolone Pasta Bait, Maki, Brodilon, Coumarin, Tomcat, Sarakat Bromabait, Contrac, Bromone, Maki, Super-Caid. Product approvals, March 2023: ECHA: 545 related products approved. Croatia FIS/MIZ, March 2023: No approved products, Ratimor products no longer approved, Brodilon not approved
- PubChem, Open Chemistry Database, 2023. Bromadiolone
- University of Hertfordshire Pesticide Properties Database, 2023. Bromadiolone
USED ON HVAR, Ratimor (granules and wax blocks): 2016: Hvar Town and surrounds: May and October; Stari Grad and surrounds, April and October; Jelsa Council region, April-May and October 2016; 2017: Hvar Town region, May-June, 17th & 23rd November, total quantities 1010 kg granules 172 kg wax blocks; Stari Grad and surrounds, May and November, total: 787 kg; Jelsa Council region, May and November 2017. total 981 kg; 2018: Hvar Town region 22nd May, 3rd October, Ratimor granules 455 kg, wax blocks 22 kg; Stari Grad & surrounds, 22-24 May, 2-4 October; Jelsa Council region,18-21 May, 25th September - 4th October 2018. Ratimor has been delivered to households on Hvar twice a year for many years. It used to be delivered along with an insecticide, Trichlorfon (see above). Until 2017, the pesticides were distributed in flimsy cellophane packages, with the instructions on the inside. From 2018 - 2020, Ratimor was delivered to households in the Jelsa region in insecure cardboard boxes, without detailed instructions as to how to use the poisons, and without any guidance as to how to dispose of the box and poison after use.
2017, 2018 Brodilon used in the Sućuraj region
 
ZINC PHOSPHIDE
Possible adverse effects: Highly tosic to aquatic environments, with lasting effects; toxic to birds and mammals; in humans: toxic, possible reproduction & development effects;
EU: approved 01/05/2011-31/07/2024; ECHA, March 2023: zinc phosphide not approved
Product approvals: Croatia FIS, March 2023, 2 products: 1296 Arvalin, approved 25/06/2020-30/04/2025; 1362 Ratron GL, approved 30/04/2021-31/07/2025. MIZ (August 2022): Zinc phosphide, no approved products
Sources: PubChem 2023: Zinc phosphide, Billy.
Pesticides Properties Database 2023: Zinc Phosphide (Zincphos, Zinc Diphosphide)
 
6. HERBICIDES. (Herbicides are authorized as 'plant protection products' and are not included in the ECHA list of biocidal chemical substances)
 
Herbicide in Stari Grad field. Photo: Vivian Grisogono
CHLOROTOLURON (substance group urea)
EU approved 01/03/2006-31/10/2023
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to birds and honeybees; suspected carcinogen; suspected reproductive toxicity, causing harm to the unborn child
Products: Tolurex 50SC; Tornado Forte (Chlorotoluron & Diflufenican)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS, March 2023, 3 listed, 1 based on chlorotoluron alone, 2 in combinations: 771 Tornado Forte (chlorotoluron, diflufenican) approved 03/05/2015-31/12/2023; 928 Tolurex 50 SC, approved 25/09/2015-31/10/2023; 1216 Legacy Plus (chlorotoluron, diflufenican) approved 15/04/2019-31/12/2023:
Sources:
PPDB 2023. Chlorotoluron
PubChem 2023. Chlorotoluron
ON HVAR 2021 Chlorotoluron identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
DIFLUFENICAN (substance group carboxamide)
Possible adverse effects: highly toxic to aquatic life and the aquatic environment, with long-lasting effects; moderately toxic to birds and earthworms; can be harmful to bees; in humans, possibly affects reproduction and development; eye irritant.
EU: approved 01/01/2008-31/12/2023
Products: Tornado Forte (diflufenican and chlorotoluron), Alister New (Jodosulfuron + Mesosulfuron + Diflufenikan)
Product approvals: Croatia FIS, March 2023, 9 products, 1 based on diflufenican alone, 8 i combinations:771 Tornado Forte (chlorotoluron, diflufenican) approved 03/05/2015-31/12/2023; 1004 Alister New (diflufenican, iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, mefenpyr) approved 28/09/2016-31/12/2024; 1162 Fuga Delta (diflufenican, flufenacet) approved 21/06/2016-31/12/2023; 1216 Legacy Plus (chlorotoluron, diflufenican) approved 15/04/2019-31/12/2023; 1231 Jura EC (diflufenican, prosulfucarb) approved 07/08/2019-31/12/2023; 1262 Xinia (diflufenican, flufenacet, metribuzin) approved 02/01/2020-31/07/2023; 1334 Lector Delta (diflufenican, florasulam) approved 05/01/2021-31/12/2023; 1385 Flash 500 SC, approved 27/07/2021-31/12/2024; 1474 Arnold (diflufenican, flufenacet) approved 10/05/2022-31/10/2023
Sources:
ECHA. Diflufenican Substance Infocard
PPDB 2023 Diflufenican
PubChem 2023 Diflufenican
Ciarlo, T.J., Mullin, C.A., Frazier, J.L., Schmehl. 2012. Learning Impairment in Honey Bees Caused by Agricultural Sparay Adjuvants. PLoS One 7 (7) e40848.
 
GLYPHOSATE  (substance group phosphonoglycine)
There are at least some 750 glyphosate-based herbicides available in the world markets. Eleven of them, including the widely used Roundup (Cidokor in Croatian), were banned in the EU in 2016.
Suspected possible adverse effects in humans: carcinogenic; neurotoxic; genotoxic; contributes to antibiotic resistance; influences pregnancy, fertility, and birth defects; endocrine disruptor; damages DNA, gut bacteria, organs including liver, kidneys and spleen; contributes to Parkinson's Disease and autism.
Possible environmental ill-effects: damage to water, fish, aquatic organisms, soil, soil organisms, bees, butterflies, gastropods, trees, plants
You can find a detailed presentation of the evidence of glyphosate's potential dangers in our article 'Glyphosate herbicides, Scientific Evidence'. For a description of the problems relating to glyphosate, see 'Glyphosate, GBH'.
EU: Glyphosate approved 16/12/2017 - 15/12/2023.
Products: Roundup / Cidokor, Cidokor Max, Cidokor Plus, Touchdown / Ouragan, Herkules, Herkules 480SL, Herkules Super, Glyfos, Oxalis, Boom Efekt, Roundup Bioactive, Roundup Rapid etc. etc.
Product approvals: Croatia FIS March 2023, 28 products listed, 25 based on glyphosate alone, 3 in combinations: 
751 Ouragan System 4, approved 24/01/2012-24/01/2024; 758 Boom Efekt, approved 01/03/2012-01/03/2024; 902 Cidokor Plus, approved 24/11/2015-15/12/2023; 907 Roundup Rapid, approved 24/11/2015-15/12/2023; 921 Satelite, approved 12/11/2015-15/12/2023; 977 Roundup Bioactive, approved 01/07/2016-15/12/2023; 1023 Catamaran 360, approved 05/12/2016-15/12/2023; 1048 Glifokor 360 TF, approved 22/02/2017-15/12/2023; 1050 Herkules, approved 22/02/2017-15/12/2023; 1106 Karda, approved 16/11/2017-15/12/2023;1152 Resolva 24H, approved 10/04/2018-18/12/2023; 1154 Glyfoon 480, approved 24/04/2018-15/12/2023; 1292 Galaxia Max (glyphosate, MCPA), approved 24/04/2020-15/12/2023; 1297 Total Up, approved 26/06/2020-15/12/2023; 1401 Glyphogan, approved 03/11/2021-15/12/2023; 1438 Rodeo Plus, approved 17/02/2022-15/12/2024; 1449 Coctel Gold (glyphosate, MCPA), approved 18/02/2022-31/10/2023; 1459 Singlif, approved 16/03/2022-15/12/2024; 1512 Glister Ultra, approved 21/10/2022; 15/12/2023; 1523 Nasa, approved 11/11/2022-15/12/2024; 1533 Barbarian Xtra 610, approved 02/01/2023-15/12/2024; 1535 Gallup Super 480, approved 05/01/2023-15/12/2024. Registration withdrawn: 742 "Glyphogan", approval 29/11/2011-03/11/2021 ended, final deadline 03/05/2023; 857 Cidokor Max, approval 09/06/2015-01/03/2022 ended, final deadline 01/09/2023; 993 Chikara Duo (glyphosate, flazasulfuron) approval 09/08/2016-01/03/2022 ended, final deadline 01/09/2023; 1024 Total TF approval 05/12/2016-01/03/2022 ended, deadline 01/09/2023;  1128 Gallup Super 480 approval 07/02/2018-05/01/2023 ended, final deadline 05/07/2024; 1136 Barbarian Xtra 610 approval 27/02/2018-02/01/2023 ended, final deadline 02/07/2024;
USED ON HVAR: Roundup (locally Cidokor) has been widely and intensively used on Hvar over many years, alongside other glyphosate-based herbicides such as 'Ouragan', 'Oxalis' and 'Boom Efekt'. (see 'Starigrad Plain: Our Survey')
2019, Cidokor, alternatively Herkules Super or Glyfos were recommended by a well-respected Hvar olive oil producer to be used on weeds in April and June.
ON HVAR 2021: A chemical analysis by the Kudzu Science laboratory from a hair sample submitted in February revealed the presence of glyphosate in a 72-year-old resident of Pitve
 
PENDIMETHALIN (substance group dimitroaniline).
EU: approved 01/09/2017-30/11/2024.
Possible adverse effects: very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects; highly toxic to freshwater fish, marine organisms; moderately toxic to earthworms; slightly toxic to birds; possible carcinogen (USEPA); reproduction/developmental effects, suspected endocrine disruptor; thyroid and liver toxicant; can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting; skin sensitizer; skin and eye irritant; can irritate nose and throat; bioaccumulates.
Products: Stomp Aqua, Pendus 330EC
Product approvals: Croatia FIS: March 2023, 7 products listed, 4 based on pendimethalin alone, 3 in combinations: 949 Dost 330 EC approved 01/09/2016-01/09/2024; 982 Sharpen 330 EC approved 16/06/2016-01/09/2024; 983 Pendus 330 EC approved 28/06/2016-01/09/2024; 1498 Penter (pendimethalin, terbuthylazine) approved 10/08/2022-30/11/2025; 1516 Bismark (pendimethalin, clomazone) approved 06/04/2022-31/10/2023. Registration withdrawn: 806 Wing P (pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P) approval 24/02/2015-01/03/2022, final deadline 01/09/2023; 935 Stomp Aqua, approval 22/10/2015-27/02/2023 ended, final deadline 27/08/2024
Sources:
Pesticide Properties Database 2023. Pendimethalin
New Jersey Department of Health. 2017. Pendimethalin: Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet.
Beyond Pesticides/NCAMP 2007. Factsheet. Pendimethalin
ON HVAR 2021 Pendimethalin identified in a dust sample taken on June 22nd 2021 from a house near vineyards in Svirče
 
Compiled by Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon). Information updated May 2023.
 
Please note: the above information is as complete and accurate as possible, and has taken several years to piece together. If you are aware of inaccuracies or further information which would be relevant to this list, please let us know at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
 
 

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