SOS za naše šišmiše!

UNEP/EUROBATS - Sporazum o zaštiti europskih populacija šišmiša je 2011-2012. proglasio Međunarodnom godinom šišmiša u kampanju zaštite 'noćnih vladara neba', osim Ministarstva zaštite prirode (sada Ministarstvo zaštite okolša i energetike) i Državnog zavoda za zaštitu prirode koji o tome stalno brinu, uključili su se brojni hrvatski stručnjaci, pa i neke udruge. Ali...

Pipistrellus nathusii Pipistrellus nathusii Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej
Iz brošure, Prirodoslovno matematički fakultet

Gdje su nestali šišmiši (lat. Chiroptera), zabrinjava mnoge građane, pa tako Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), predsjednicu Udruge "Eco Hvar", koja kaže '... Kad sam se vratila iz Engleske i 1988. počela obnavljati svoju kuću u Pitvama na otoku Hvaru, ljeti je u selu bilo šišmiša koliko hoćeš. Sjećam se kako je jedan u jesen 1993. mirno spavao u mojoj konobi, viseći onako naopako s jedne drvene grede. Mještani su mi rekli da je to velika sreća, baš kao da živimo u Kini. No, sada ih sve manje vidimo po hvarskim mjestima, u nekima skoro pa nikako. Velika je razlika od onoga što smo opažali prije oko 10 godina, kada su brojni šišmiši navečer neprestano letjeli i pravili gnijezda u zapuštenim kućama. Zapuštenih kuća još ima, ali šišmiša ne.'

Pipistrelli kuhlii kolonija. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Uglavnom poznato je da su šišmiši s više od 1000 vrsta druga najveća skupina sisavaca na Zemlji, dok u Hrvatskoj obitavaju ukupno 33 vrste iz tri porodice (potkovnjaci, golorepci i mišoliki šišmiši). Kao i u drugim europskim zemljama u Hrvatskoj su šišmiši strogo zaštićeni: prema Zakonu o zaštiti prirode, za uznemiravanje, hvatanje, ozljeđivanje i ubijanje šišmiša, te uništavanje ili oštećivanje njihovih staništa zapriječena je novčana kazna od 25.000 do 200.000 kuna, te kazna od 1.000 do 4.000 kuna za svakog ubijenog šišmiša.

Dr. sc. Igor Pavlinić, kustos Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog muzeja u Zagrebu, se godinama bavi proučavanjem i zaštitom tih jedinih letećih sisavaca na svijetu. U svom radu je prezentirao kako kao skloništa, osim onih šumskih, šišmiši koriste uistinu najrazličitija mjesta od jama, špilja, napuštenih rudnika i pukotina u stijenama (najviše zimi za hibernaciju), sve do tavana kuća i crkava, dimnjaka, te pukotina u zidovima i mostovima, a to potvrđuje i nekoliko kolonija na otoku Hvaru. U zvoniku jelšanskog Svetišta BDM na Račiću godinama je bilo stanište Sredozemnog golorepca (lat. Tadarida teniotis). Nažalost, poslije dugotrajne obnove crkve, dakle, veće nazočnosti ljudi, i oni su nestali, nisu se vratili.

Crkva Gospe Zdravlja, Jelsa. Foto: Mirko Crnčević

Zašto su šišmiši važni?

Njihova brojnost je 'indeks zdravlja' određenog područja, no što se tijekom povijesti događalo sa šišmišima, jednom od najstarijih linija danas živućih skupina sisavaca, čiji je razvoj najvjerojatnije počeo još u doba kada su zemljom vladali dinosauri? Evolucija tog bića jedno je od najzanimljivijih pitanja evolucije sisavaca danas, a jedino oko čega se većina znanstvenika slaže je da je predak šišmiša bila neka vrsta noćnog, kukcojedog sisavca koji je živio na drveću. Najnovija molekularna istraživanja pokazala su da se kasnijim razvojem iz zajedničkog pretka razvila i nama bliska linija čovjekolikih majmuna, odnosno mi sami.

Rani večernjak, Nyctalus seritonus. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Rani večernjak, Nyctalus noctula. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

▪ Koliko su šišmiši, ti 'noćnim vladari neba', korisni za naš ekosustav i kakve bi uštede mogli donijeti jednom Osijeku ili Neretvanskoj dolini, evo jedan pravi primjer: Mi sve više slušamo o bolestima koje prenose komaraci, a stručnjaci i proizvođači otrova bjesomučno traže način djelotvornije kontrole tih insekata. No, jedan mali šišmiš koji za lov i snalaženje u prostoru koristi visokofrekventne zvukove - eholokaciju može pojesti i do tisuću komaraca na sat, i što je najvažnije bez ikakvog onečišćenja okoliša. Zanimljivo, zar ne? - pita se Grisogono.

Kasni noćnjak, Eptesicus serotinus. Foto: Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej

Pesticidi, herbicidi, insekticidi!

Ova ekološka aktivistica koja doista puno ulaže u zaštitu prirode i životinja uvjerena je da je nestanak šišmiša, između ostalog, povezan s pesticidima, herbicidima i insekticidima, koji se na otoku koriste u velikim količinama, gotovo kroz cijelu godinu. Ona tumači da ljudi koji ih koriste uopće nisu svjesni njihove opasnosti, iako za to ima puno dokaza barem u znanstvenoj javnosti, a o kolateralnim štetama pojma nemaju. Informacije su uglavnom vrlo jednostrane i najčešće dolaze u obliku reklama sa strane proizvođača. Službena neovisna informacija nedostaje. Kad bi korisnici stvarno razumjeli kakve su posljedice korištenja tih otrova, zasigurno bi tražili prirodne alternative kojih ima puno, neke su stare, a neke nove.

Iz brošure, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Zagreb.

Ljudi, spasimo šišmiše!

Šišmiši su se u Lijepoj Našoj koliko-toliko održali zahvaljujući odličnim predispozicijama za prilagodbu različitim životnim uvjetima. Pa iako je dug životni vijek njihova prednost (op. a. najstariji šišmiš ima više od 32 godine) ipak valja znati da se oni dosta sporo razmnožavaju, a i smrtnost mladih šišmiša je također izražena. Stoga, čovjek zaista mora dati svoj doprinos opstanku njihove populacije, potrebno je osvještavanje ljudskog odnosa prema okolišu, da ga se ne onečišćuje i ne uništava. Ljudi moraju kontinuirano stvarati dobre uvjete za skloništa gdje šišmiši mogu obitavati, razmnožavati se u miru i pomagati nam, bez trovanja. I djeca se mogu uključiti u taj koristan projekt, primjerice neka bilježe koliko šišmiša vide kroz ljeto i na kojim mjestima.

© Mirko Crnčević

Ovaj tekst je prije obavljen u časopisu 'Dobroj kobi', br. 184, siječanj 2017.

Nalazite se ovdje: Home Okoliš Novosti iz prirode SOS za naše šišmiše!

Novosti: Ekologija.hr

  • UN forecasters warn of worsening conditions in 45 countries currently experiencing severe food insecurity

    About 50 million people are likely to be pushed into acute hunger before the end of next year by the rapidly developing El Niño weather system, according to forecasting.

    This is in addition to the hundreds of millions of people already facing dangerous levels of hunger, owing to years of drought in parts of Africa and pressure on food prices from the war in Iran.

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  • The beady-eyed, Pokémon-like leaf sheep is far more ingenious than us land mammals

    A neon green punk sheep that lives underwater. A solar-powered slug that can perform photosynthesis. If you are seeking beauty, brains and a wonderfully innovative lifestyle, then vote leaf sheep.

    The leaf or sea sheep, Costasiella kuroshimae, is a sea slug about the size of a grain of rice. Like a sheep, it grazes on green stuff – certain species of algae, which it finds in tropical waters around Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines. But its sheepy nickname does it a disservice because it is far more ingenious than us land mammals.

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  • Iran conflict windfall over three months reignites calls for companies ‘cashing in on human misery’ to pay for environmental damage

    Eight of the biggest oil companies amassed profits of more than $90bn (£67bn) in just three months as the Iran conflict sent energy prices soaring and the emissions-fuelled climate crisis caused deadly heatwaves.

    The windfall war profits have reignited calls for oil and gas supermajors such as Saudi Aramco and BP to pay for the environmental damage caused by “cashing in on human misery” and fund a rapid transition to renewable energy.

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  • Farmers advised to vaccinate after recent hot weather provides ideal conditions for virus-carrying midges

    There has been an alarming surge in the number of sheep affected by an outbreak of bluetongue in the UK, and farmers whose livestock are at risk are being urged to move them out of areas where midges are plentiful.

    The viral disease, which does not necessarily kill sheep but makes them ill and can have a long recovery time, presents as high fever and swelling of the lips and tongue. The tongue may go blue and even protrude from the mouth.

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  • Over-the-counter treatments for cats and dogs contain chemicals that are banned in pesticides and pollute waterways

    Over-the-counter flea treatment for cats and dogs should be banned as millions of hazardous chemicals are unnecessarily applied to UK pets each year, a parliamentary report has concluded.

    Cats and dogs are widely treated with topical, or “spot on”, treatments that include insecticides to prevent fleas. Vets often recommend regular treatments as a preventive measure, even when the animals do not have fleas.

    It’s Invertebrate of the Year again! Every day from 3-12 August, we will be profiling one of the thousands of amazing invertebrates that our readers have nominated, and when you have heard about all of them, we will open the voting so you can choose your favourites. Don’t hesitate to get in touch with thoughts and ideas. Email us at [email protected] with Invertebrate in the subject line.

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  • New research shows early-warning species is on the move, expanding or contracting geographic range and changing altitude

    Butterflies, often considered a “sentinel of change”, are on the move across every continent they inhabit, shifting to survive as global heating reshapes their environment.

    About one in 10 species have already expanded or contracted their geographic range, or shifted in altitude, according to a global study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution.

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  • As climate disaster stares us in the face, the radical right says ‘Embrace the Mediterranean life’. Embrace death, more like it

    Can’t you leftists understand? Mass death is good for you. Reject the woke love of life! Welcome civilisational collapse! Watch it all burn, then dance in the ashes! This, roughly speaking, is how the dismissal of climate action is now being justified: the argument has shifted from science denial to outright nihilism.

    The new incendiary spirit is exemplified by that serial arsonist Allister Heath, editor of the Sunday Telegraph. In a column in the Daily Telegraph last week, originally titled “Britain can’t stop climate change. Scrap net zero and embrace Mediterranean life”, he argued that “climate change is real” but “the war against global warming has been lost”.

    George Monbiot is a Guardian columnist

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  • Changing paved areas to grass and planting trees can reduce urban heat island effect by as much as 1C, study shows

    Add together all the UK’s household gardens and they cover an area three times larger than all the country’s nature reserves combined. But as the demand for car parking increases, many front gardens are being paved over, with research showing that this loss of green is adding to the urban heat island effect, particularly at night.

    In 2005, about 7.5% of the UK’s front gardens were paved; by 2025 that had risen to 55%, according to Royal Horticultural Society estimates. Those hard surfaces absorb heat during the day and then slowly release the heat overnight. By contrast, leafy green gardens release moisture into the atmosphere, which helps to cool the air as the water evaporates.

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  • This week, we launched our third annual vote to honour nature’s unsung heroes. The Guardian’s natural history writer – and woodlouse fanboy – Patrick Barkham answered your questions

    Narethosyne asks: It’s often said that insects will outlast humanity, as they’ve managed to survive in some very inhospitable environments for millions of years. Do you think that human stupidity might actually be able to kill even the hardiest of insects off if we don’t take better care of our planet?

    Patrick:

    I agree we need to take much better care of the planet. However the more I learn of other invertebrate life (and I don’t know much), the more I believe that other species will survive whatever toxic horrors we unleash upon the planet. It seems more likely that we will become extinct before many other species.

    We are such a strange species, so capable of goodness and so easily moved to argument and greed, but I still think we can learn to think and act for the long-term. There is a big awakening of eco-consciousness in the global north and perhaps we can belatedly re-learn the wisdom of many indigenous peoples who have lived in better balance with their fellow species.

    Thanks Sprockertime, I love your question. The answer is yes!

    I’ve done all kinds of fancy things for wildlife in my garden (filling in a “sunken garden” with five tonnes of chalk raised a few eyebrows in my neighbourhood) and I salute everyone who has erected bird boxes and bug hotels.

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  • Paraquat is banned in over 70 countries. Some farmers and their families in Hebron believe the pesticide is causing Parkinson’s disease and are demanding that New York ban it

    Gordon Chaplin gingerly stepped out of the car at the top of the steep hill behind his farmhouse, sporting a bandage on his hand from a fall the day before. He gripped his cane as he shuffled through the knee-high grass. He stopped every few feet to catch his breath, leaning on his caregiver for support.

    Looking out at the distant Adirondacks and Catskill mountains, he thought back to the years when he could run up the hill with ease.

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Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com