Europski pčelari traže raspravu o boljoj zaštiti pčela

Raspravi koju predlaže Europsko udruženje pčelara treba pridodati i temu dokidanja štetnih dezinsekcija!

U drugoj polovini siječnja hrvatski pčelari su sa zadovoljstvom primili vijest da je Europsko udruženje pčelara (EBA), koje okuplja 61 pčelarsku organizaciju i više od 420 tisuća pčelara iz 32 europske zemlje, zatražilo da Odbor za poljoprivredu Europskog parlamenta otvori posebnu raspravu o stanju u europskom pčelarstvu koje se suočava sa snažnim gospodarskim, okolišnim i tržišnim pritiscima. Naravno, predlažu se četiri ključne teme: problem krivotvorenog (patvorenog) meda na europskom tržištu; uvođenje potpore po pčelinjoj zajednici za sve pčelare: uporaba sredstava za zaštitu bilja (fitosanitarnih sredstava) i njihov negativan utjecaj na pčelarstvo, te štetne posljedice sporazuma EU-Mercosur za europske pčelare.

Vozila koja sihu strah i trepet u našem okruženju

Takva rasprava bi, kako smatraju u Udruženju, trebala rezultirati donošenjem odgovarajućih zakonodavnih mjera koje će zaštiti pčelare i osigurati održivost cijelog sektora. Istina je da je europsko tržište meda preplavljeno patvorinama, čak od 46 do 88 posto, ovisno o zemlji. Potrošači imaju sve manje izbora kupnje pravog meda, a pčelari zbog nelojalne konkurencije sve manje mogućnosti prodaje pčelinjih proizvoda. Klimatske promjene posljednjih godina pčelarima doista zadaju velike glavobolje, no ne možemo se ne osvrnuti i na probleme povezane s uporabom sredstava za zaštitu bilja koji su u Hrvatskoj prisutni, tako reći, na svakom koraku.

Još se uvijek sjećamo ekoloških katastrofa poput onih u Međimurju kada je 2020. došlo do pomora više od 50 milijuna pčela, pa onda one iz 2022. godine s otrovanih 17,5 milijuna pčela. Stradavanje tih malih i korisnih radilica zabilježeno je i u istočnoj Slavoniji (2023. i 2025.), osobito su pogođena područja oko Vukovara i okolice zbog intenzivne ratarske proizvodnje. Znači čak i lani su bili primijećeni masovni pomori pčela uzrokovani nestručnim korištenjem zabranjenih pesticida. Situacija je također zabrinjavajuća u Podravini, pa i dijelovima Dalmacije gdje se gubitci pripisuju nepropisnom prskanju voćnjaka i uporabi ilegalnih sredstava.

I herbicidi štete pčelama

Dakle, takav pristup u poljodjelstvu dovodi do izravne smrtnosti pčela ili pak do subletalnih učinaka, zatim do njihove dezodoracije i gubitka orijentacije, poremećaja ponašanja, smanjene reprodukcije, slabljenja imuniteta, pa čak i kontaminacije pčelinjih proizvoda. A sve se to događa unatoč obvezama koje proizlaze iz zakonskih i podzakonskih akata, a što se naročito odnosi na pravodobno obavještavanje pčelara o namjeri tretiranja, zabranu primjene sistematičnih sredstava opasnih za pčele u vrijeme cvatnje poljoprivrednih kultura te tretiranje isključivo u vrijeme kada pčele nisu aktivne (obično kasno navečer ili rano ujutro).

Ceh za sada plaćamo iz našeg džepa

Nažalost država naposljetku plaća ceh takvom neodgovornom ponašanju pojedinaca, spomenimo samo da je Vlada RH lani za pčelare pogođene pomorima preko Ministarstva poljoprivrede osigurala 100 tisuća eura potpore. Istodobno nedovoljno govorimo i o tome kako se tijekom svakog ljeta kod nas masovno raspršuju veoma otrovni insekticidi u akcijama adulticidne dezinsekcije s ciljem sprječavanja bolesti koje šire komarci. Iz udruge 'Eco Hvar' upozoravaju da su takva postupanja suprotna propisima, neefikasna i štetna, naprotiv ona ugrožavaju zdravlje ljudi, ostalih živih organizama, pa i pčela.

Pčelarice su prirodni predatori komaraca. Foto: John Ball

▪ Iz našeg otočnog iskustva mogu reći da su upozorenja pčelarima još uvijek neadekvatna, jer ne postoji sustav za njihovo konkretno upozoravanje. Insekticidi koji su po definiciji potencijalno opasni za sve oprašivače, učestalo se koriste tijekom proljeća i ljeta kada većina biljaka cvjeta. S druge strane, opasnosti za pčele i neciljane organizme nisu uključene unutar primarnih upozorenja na pesticidima u Europskoj uniji. Oprašivači nemaju svoj piktogram. Samo se spominju u potkategoriji označenoj kao Spe, dok se oznaka Spe8 odnosi na pčele i druge oprašivače, gdje se savjetuje da se proizvod ne smije koristiti dok su biljke, uključujući i korov, u cvatu. Takvo upozorenje bi trebalo biti na etiketi svih sredstava opasnih za oprašivače, što u praksi često nije, pa su štete stoga sasvim evidentne – kazala je Vivian Grisogono MA(Oxon), predsjednica spomenute udruge.

Anka Županović. Foto: Mirko Crnčević

A da je populacija pčela zaista u opadanju tamo gdje se koriste kemijski pesticidi, pogotovo insekticidi, potvrdila nam je i najstarija hrvatska pčelarica Anka Županović (92), baš iz Poljica na Hvaru. Ona nam se ustvari požalila da je njezino mjesto već odavno pogodila 'bijela kuga', pa su zato bademi usahli, lavande je nestalo, bor je sve osvojio, a i ono malo zemlje što se radi više se ne gnjoji kao prije, koriste se razni otrovi... To je ustvari okrenutost materijalizmu i ljudska propast, kojoj treba pridodati sve ekstremnije klimatske promjene. Dezinskeciju i ona smatra itekako opasnom za pčele, a mi smo onda pitali gospođu Grisogono što se zapravo mora činiti da nam svima bude bolje?

Kolonijama šišmiša protiv kojmaraca - zašto ne? oni su indikator zdravog okoliša. Foto: NP Krka

▪ Zbog svega navedenog aktualnu praksu suzbijanja insekata otrovima treba pod hitno prekinuti, a mjerodavne institucije moraju tražiti prihvatljivije ekološke načine da se zaštiti javno zdravlje. Prioriteti su: zaustaviti štetnu praksu prskanja opasnih otrova po ljudima i okolišu; koristiti prirodne resurse te identificirati, promicati i koristiti bolje, ekološki prihvatljivije metode za suzbijanje neželjenih 'štetočina', posebice obnavljanjem i poticanjem njihovih prirodnih predatora poput šišmiša i pčelarica; razvijati program 'SIT' u Hrvatskoj koji je potencijalno učinkovita metoda za smanjenje broja neželjenih komaraca, a to je program sterilnih komaraca koji se na pojedinim područjima već koristi i pokazuje obećavajuće rezultate - zaključila je ova istaknuta hrvatska ekologinja, uz napomenu da je uz to svakako potrebna šira i češća edukacija ljudi o sprječavanju neugodnosti uzrokovanih komarcima, pa i o ulozi komaraca u prirodnom lancu, npr. kao oprašivača.

© Mirko Crnčević, Hrvatska Pčela ožujak 2026.

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