Zmije: ne bojte se!

PROLJETNO BUĐENJE ZMIJA: kako sigurno dijeliti prirodu s našim ‘hladnokrvnim’ susjedima? Pouke koje se čitaju, uče i pamte !

Boris Lauš, poznati herpetolog Boris Lauš, poznati herpetolog Foto: Udruga Hyla

S prvim toplim zrakama sunca, dok se priroda budi, iz svojih zimskih skrovišta izlaze i najkontraverzniji stanovnici našeg krša i šuma – zmije. Upravo je ožujak, naročito u Dalmaciji i Istri, vrijeme njihove najveće izloženosti – nakon višemjesečne hibernacije (brumacije), zmije su baš onako trome, a primarni cilj im je zagrijati tijelo na suncu naprosto da bi pokrenule svoj metabolizam. Naravno, zatim su fokusirane na pronalaženje hrane i partnera za parenje.

Poskok crvenkasti snimljen u Lici. Foto: Boris Lauš

Hrvatska je dom za 15 vrsta, ali samo tri su otrovnice

U Hrvatskoj živi 15 vrsta zmija, većina obitava u mediteranskom području, a nešto manji broj u kontinentalnom dijelu naše zemlje. Od toga, samo tri vrste su prave otrovnice iz porodice ljutica: poskok (Vipera ammodytes) – najpoznatija i najopasnija, prepoznatljiva po roščiću na vrhu njuške i cik-cak šarama; riđovka (Vipera berus) – voli vlažnija staništa, planinske livade i rubove šuma, šara joj je često u obliku spojenih rombova te maleni planinski žutokrug (Vipera ursinii) – naša najmanja i najrjeđa otrovnica, živi isključivo na visokoplaninskim travnjacima (poput Dinare ili Velebita), njezin je otrov najslabiji, usporediv s ubodom pčele ili ose. Sve ostale su ili potpuno bezopasne ili tzv. poluotrovnice čiji ugriz za čovjeka nema ozbiljne posljedice.

Poskok snimljen na otoku Hvaru. Foto: Boris Lauš

AKO ZMIJA NAPADNE, IMA ZA TO RAZLOGA

▪» Zmije nisu agresivne životinje i nikada neće napasti čovjeka bez razloga. One ugriz koriste isključivo kao zadnju liniju obrane kada se osjete stjeranima u kut ili kada ih se slučajno nagazi. Naš strah uglavnom proizlazi iz neznanja; jednom kada naučite prepoznati vrstu i njezino ponašanje, strah zamjenjuje poštovanje prema ovim fascinantnim predatorima koji održavaju ravnotežu u našim šumama i poljima« – poručuje Boris Lauš, poznati herpetolog iz Zagreba, stručnjak za herpetofaunu, entomofaunu i staništa u udruzi ‘Hyla’ koji redovito upozorava na važnost suživota i razbijanje mitova o tim predivnim stvorenjima što su vrlo često neshvaćena i izazivaju nepotreban strah kod ljudi.

Kodeks ponašanja: ‘Oči na vrh glave’ i čvrst korak

Lovci, šumski radnici, poljodjelci su isto kao planinari, izletnici i berači šparoga najizloženija skupina. Osnovna pravila odlaska i kretanja kroz prirodu za njih, ali i ostale ljude, su posve jednostavna:

Odjeća: Čvrsta, visoka obuća (gojzerice) i duge hlače,

Štapovi: Boris Lauš tvrdi da zmije ne čuju zvukove kao mi, već osjećaju vibracije tla. Korištenje planinarskih štapova stvara vibracije koje zmije osjete i uglavnom se povlače prije nego ih uopće vidite, Većina susreta završi bijegom zmije, osim ako se ne osjeti izravno ugroženom jer smo je iznenadili ili nagazili.

Oprez pri odmoru: Prije nego sjednete na kamen ili srušeno stablo, provjerite okolicu. Ne uvlačite ruke u nepregledna mjesta poput rupa u suhozidu ili gustog grmlja.

Boris Lauš i zmajur

Što učiniti ako se ugriz ipak dogodi?

Panika je najveći neprijatelj u takvoj situaciji. No, ako unatoč svoj pažnji dođe do ugriza otrovnice onda postupite na sljedeći način:

1. Ostanite mirni i imobilizirajte ugriženi ekstremitet (kao kod loma),

2. Ne režite ranu, ne isisavajte otrov i ne podvezujte ruku ili nogu, i

3. Što hitnije potražite liječničku pomoć. Ugriz poskoka kod nas rijetko završava kobno za odraslu, zdravu osobu, ali zahtijeva hospitalizaciju i stručni nadzor.

Zakon čuva prirodu (i vaš novčanik)

Biolozi, znanstvenici i ekolozi upozoravaju da su zmije doista ključne za ekosustav jer kontroliraju populaciju glodavaca koji prenose bolesti. U Hrvatskoj su sve zmije strogo zaštićene zakonom. Namjerno uznemiravanje, ubijanje ili uništavanje njihovih staništa povlači stroge sankcije.

Novčane kazne za fizičke osobe po Zakonu o zaštiti prirode kreću se od 929,61 pa sve do 3.984,06 eura (ranije izraženo u kunama od 7.000 do 30.000 kn), dok za pravne osobe mogu doseći i do 26,560 eura (200.000 kuna). Dakle, moramo biti svjesni činjenice da priroda ustvari nije naše vlasništvo i da smo mi u njoj samo gosti, pa stoga u Hrvatskoj postoji i Pravilnik o visini naknade štete (tzv. ‘odštetni cjenik’).

A to znači ako ubijete zmiju, da vam država može naplatiti odštetu po svakoj jedinki, primjerice za poskoka i riđovku 530,89 eura, planinskog žutokruga 1.990,84 eura (zbog iznimne rijetkosti), našu najljepšu zmiju crvenkrpicu (Zamenis situla): 265,45 eura, a za ostale strogo zaštićene neotrovnice uglavnom od 132,72 do 265,45 eura. 

Treba spomenuti i to da se po Kaznenom zakonu ubijanje zmije može tretirati kao kazneno djelo ako je učinjeno s namjerom ili iz objesti. Po čl. 205. (ranije 269.) – Ubijanje ili mučenje životinja – propisana je kazna zatvora do jedne godine, a ako se djelo počini iz koristoljublja i do dvije godine.

Autor teksta Mirko Crnčević

Poštuj, ne strahuj

Reći ćemo i to da priroda ne poznaje ‘dobre’ i ‘loše’ životinje, jer golema većina njih ima svoju važnu ulogu koja se drukčije veoma teško nadomješta. Sljedeći put kad na stazi sretnete zmiju, nemojte posezati za štapom ili kamenom. Zastanite, udahnite i pustite je da mirno prođe. Vi ste zapravo u njezinom dnevnom boravku, gdje su najbolji posjetitelji oni koji za sobom ostavljaju samo tragove stopala, a kući nose tek uspomene i fotografije. Budite i vi jedan od takvih gostiju u prirodi kojeg će ona opet rado primiti u taj areal.

© Mirko Crnčević / InfoCAP, broj 4., POU Capreolus, veljača 2026.

Nalazite se ovdje: Home Novosti iz prirode Zmije: ne bojte se!

Novosti: Ekologija.hr

  • UN forecasters warn of worsening conditions in 45 countries currently experiencing severe food insecurity

    About 50 million people are likely to be pushed into acute hunger before the end of next year by the rapidly developing El Niño weather system, according to forecasting.

    This is in addition to the hundreds of millions of people already facing dangerous levels of hunger, owing to years of drought in parts of Africa and pressure on food prices from the war in Iran.

    Continue reading...

  • The beady-eyed, Pokémon-like leaf sheep is far more ingenious than us land mammals

    A neon green punk sheep that lives underwater. A solar-powered slug that can perform photosynthesis. If you are seeking beauty, brains and a wonderfully innovative lifestyle, then vote leaf sheep.

    The leaf or sea sheep, Costasiella kuroshimae, is a sea slug about the size of a grain of rice. Like a sheep, it grazes on green stuff – certain species of algae, which it finds in tropical waters around Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines. But its sheepy nickname does it a disservice because it is far more ingenious than us land mammals.

    Continue reading...

  • Iran conflict windfall over three months reignites calls for companies ‘cashing in on human misery’ to pay for environmental damage

    Eight of the biggest oil companies amassed profits of more than $90bn (£67bn) in just three months as the Iran conflict sent energy prices soaring and the emissions-fuelled climate crisis caused deadly heatwaves.

    The windfall war profits have reignited calls for oil and gas supermajors such as Saudi Aramco and BP to pay for the environmental damage caused by “cashing in on human misery” and fund a rapid transition to renewable energy.

    Continue reading...

  • Farmers advised to vaccinate after recent hot weather provides ideal conditions for virus-carrying midges

    There has been an alarming surge in the number of sheep affected by an outbreak of bluetongue in the UK, and farmers whose livestock are at risk are being urged to move them out of areas where midges are plentiful.

    The viral disease, which does not necessarily kill sheep but makes them ill and can have a long recovery time, presents as high fever and swelling of the lips and tongue. The tongue may go blue and even protrude from the mouth.

    Continue reading...

  • Over-the-counter treatments for cats and dogs contain chemicals that are banned in pesticides and pollute waterways

    Over-the-counter flea treatment for cats and dogs should be banned as millions of hazardous chemicals are unnecessarily applied to UK pets each year, a parliamentary report has concluded.

    Cats and dogs are widely treated with topical, or “spot on”, treatments that include insecticides to prevent fleas. Vets often recommend regular treatments as a preventive measure, even when the animals do not have fleas.

    It’s Invertebrate of the Year again! Every day from 3-12 August, we will be profiling one of the thousands of amazing invertebrates that our readers have nominated, and when you have heard about all of them, we will open the voting so you can choose your favourites. Don’t hesitate to get in touch with thoughts and ideas. Email us at [email protected] with Invertebrate in the subject line.

    Continue reading...

  • New research shows early-warning species is on the move, expanding or contracting geographic range and changing altitude

    Butterflies, often considered a “sentinel of change”, are on the move across every continent they inhabit, shifting to survive as global heating reshapes their environment.

    About one in 10 species have already expanded or contracted their geographic range, or shifted in altitude, according to a global study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution.

    Continue reading...

  • As climate disaster stares us in the face, the radical right says ‘Embrace the Mediterranean life’. Embrace death, more like it

    Can’t you leftists understand? Mass death is good for you. Reject the woke love of life! Welcome civilisational collapse! Watch it all burn, then dance in the ashes! This, roughly speaking, is how the dismissal of climate action is now being justified: the argument has shifted from science denial to outright nihilism.

    The new incendiary spirit is exemplified by that serial arsonist Allister Heath, editor of the Sunday Telegraph. In a column in the Daily Telegraph last week, originally titled “Britain can’t stop climate change. Scrap net zero and embrace Mediterranean life”, he argued that “climate change is real” but “the war against global warming has been lost”.

    George Monbiot is a Guardian columnist

    Continue reading...

  • This week, we launched our third annual vote to honour nature’s unsung heroes. The Guardian’s natural history writer – and woodlouse fanboy – Patrick Barkham answered your questions

    Narethosyne asks: It’s often said that insects will outlast humanity, as they’ve managed to survive in some very inhospitable environments for millions of years. Do you think that human stupidity might actually be able to kill even the hardiest of insects off if we don’t take better care of our planet?

    Patrick:

    I agree we need to take much better care of the planet. However the more I learn of other invertebrate life (and I don’t know much), the more I believe that other species will survive whatever toxic horrors we unleash upon the planet. It seems more likely that we will become extinct before many other species.

    We are such a strange species, so capable of goodness and so easily moved to argument and greed, but I still think we can learn to think and act for the long-term. There is a big awakening of eco-consciousness in the global north and perhaps we can belatedly re-learn the wisdom of many indigenous peoples who have lived in better balance with their fellow species.

    Thanks Sprockertime, I love your question. The answer is yes!

    I’ve done all kinds of fancy things for wildlife in my garden (filling in a “sunken garden” with five tonnes of chalk raised a few eyebrows in my neighbourhood) and I salute everyone who has erected bird boxes and bug hotels.

    Continue reading...

  • Cristian Lucañas has discovered multiple species of cockroach in the Philippines, and believes there’s far more to the much-maligned insect than meets the eye

    When Cristian Lucañas tells people about his job, their response is normally a mix of shock and confusion. “The majority would actually be questioning why,” says Lucañas, 32, who is the only entomologist specialising in cockroaches in the Philippines, where he is known as the “Cockroach Lord”.

    He recalls one person, apparently perplexed at the insects’ existence, asking simply: “Did God create cockroaches?” Others seek advice on how best to kill them.

    Continue reading...

  • Scientists find ruminants emit more of greenhouse gas individually than cows, although total contribution tiny compared with domesticated livestock

    When cows belch and fart they release methane, which is warming the planet, but how does this compare with the digestive gases emitted by wild animals? A new study shows that deer add the greatest amount of methane to the atmosphere, but compared with domesticated livestock their total contribution is minuscule.

    Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, which has been rising rapidly in recent years, but it is hard to pin down exactly where it is coming from. Like domesticated cows, wild ruminants such as deer, moose and llamas rely on bacteria to help them break down the fibrous plants they eat, releasing methane as they go. To understand how much methane wild ruminants release, Theresia Yazbeck, from the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany, and colleagues used recent estimates of global wild animal populations and combined these with methane emission estimates based on body mass and diet.

    Continue reading...

Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com