Orhideje trebaju njegu

Ističući hrvatske samonikle orhideje, vrlo aktivna i usjpešna UDRUGA BIOM objavila je u proljeće 2024. godine članak s molbom da se obrati pažnju na ove fascinantne i neprocjenjivo vrijedne biljke.

Orchis italica Orchis italica Frank Verhart

Kraljica biljki: Orhideja

Orhideje čine jednu od najzanimljivijih i najvećih porodica biljki, poznatu kao Orchidaceae. Iako postoji oko tisuću rodova, odnosno 20 do 30 tisuća vrsta, fascinantno je kako se svakodnevno otkrivaju nove vrste i hibridi, šireći već bogatu paletu ovih prekrasnih cvjetova.

Orchis Morio. Foto Udruga Biom iz newslettera

Orhideje su pravi svjetski putnici! Rasprostranjene su u gotovo svim dijelovima svijeta, osim ekstremnih polarnih i pustinjskih područja. Najveća koncentracija vrsta orhideja nalazi se u himalajskom području Nepala, dok ih možemo pronaći i u tropskim predjelima Azije, Južne i Srednje Amerike, pa čak i do arktičkog kruga u Patagoniji. Ipak, kada se u razgovoru spominju orhideje, većini ljudi prvo na pamet pada nekoliko kultiviranih vrsta i varijeteta koje kupujemo u cvjećarnicama. No mnogi ne znaju da orhideje nisu neke vrste samo iz dalekih tropskih kišnih šuma već da gotovo 200 vrsta i podvrsta divljih orhideja raste i u Hrvatskoj. Zahvaljujući tome ubrajamo se u sam vrh europskih zemalja po bogatstvu orhidoflore, a čak 19 vrsta je endemično. Orhideje rastu na raznolikom staništima, od vlažnih livada u nizinskom dijelu do šuma i šikara, a najveći broj vrsta raste na suhim travnjacima.

Sve su strogo zaštićene i zabranjeno ih je brati, sakupljati, uništavati ili iskopavati, a također su ugrožene i zbog zapuštanja i neodržavanja travnjaka koji se pretvaraju u šikare, uništavanja staništa i branja.

Orhideje u prirodnom staništu. Foto Udruga Biom iz newslettera

Iz perspektive botaničara, orhideje su jedna od najprostranjenijih, evolucijski mlađih, skupina biljaka uz koje se vežu brojne zanimljive priče. Orhideje se oprašuju uglavnom kukcima, te su zavođenje kukaca svojim mirisima, oblicima i bojama dovele do savršenstva. Suradnja s kukcima ovdje je dosegla nevjerojatno visoke razine: orhideje pokušavaju, i uglavnom uspijevaju, osigurati da kukci prenose pelud s cvijeta na cvijet a da pritom ne izgube praktički nijedno peludno zrnce, dobivajući zauzvrat nagradu u obliku slatkog nektara. Kemijske tvari koje oponašaju feromone kukaca toliko su vjerne originalu da neke vrste kukaca teško uspijevaju razlučiti radi li se o cvijetu ili o drugom kukcu s kojim se namjeravaju pariti. U Hrvatskoj su to orhideje iz roda Ophrys, među kojima ima i endemičnih vrsta. Tako učinkovit prijenos peludi u kombinaciji s “dobrom pripremom terena” odnosno brojnim sjemenim zamecima u tučcima orhideja, rezultiraju iznimno velikim brojem sjemenki koje orhideje proizvode. Kako ovdje orhideje računaju na kvantitetu više nego na kvalitetu, sjemenke su iznimno sitne te im je klijanje gotovo uvijek povezano s uspostavom mikorize, odnosno zajednice s gljivama. Uz njihovu pomoć klijanac će uspjeti dobiti dovoljno energije kako bi se razvio, budući da ga je roditeljska biljka opskrbila tek s minimalnom količinom hranjivih tvari i poslala u svijet.

Orchis simia. Foto Udruga Biom iz newslettera

Kako bi jasnije predočili koliko su sjemenke orhideja sitne, sjetite se vanilin šećera i varijanti s crnom “mahunom” koja je zapravo tobolac sa tisućama iznimno sitnih crnih sjemenki koje ljudi koriste kao začin, jer - prirodna aroma vanilije potječe od tropske orhideje Vanilla planifolia. 

Vanilla planifolia. Foto: Ana Maria Benivades reproducirano uz dopuštenje

No vratimo se još malo našim domaćim orhidejama i njihovom suradnjom s drugim vrstama. Nisu sve orhideje tako dobre kako se na prvu čine! Neke od njih žive u potpunosti na račun drugih biljaka i gljiva te uopće nemaju listove niti provode fotosintezu već parazitiraju na drugim biljkama kradući od njih hranjive tvari i vodu, a jedino što im je preostalo je proizvodnja sjemenki i osiguranje potomstva. Parazitske orhideje koje nalazimo u Hrvatskoj uglavnom pripadaju u tri roda a to su Neottia, Serapias i Limodorum. I ne samo to; sve su brojniji zaljubljenici u prirodu koji u potrazi za orhidejama obilaze travnjake, šume i šikare pokušavajući pronaći ove šarene i zanimljive biljke kako bi uživali u njihovoj ljepoti. Vrlo zanimljivih cvjetova su vrste rodova Orchis, Ophrys, Dactylorhiza, Himantoglossum te Cypripedium calceolus.

Jeste li znali?

  • Od osušenih i samljevenih gomolja vrsta Orchis proizvodi se topli, slatki napitak poznat kao salep i popularan na Bliskom istoku

  • Orhideja se smatra kraljicom cvijeća, a titulu joj je dao kineski filozof Konfucije. U drevnoj Kini orhideje su se koristile u medicinske svrhe još oko 700. godina prije Krista

  • Svoje ime orhideje vuku iz grčke riječi órkhis koja doslovno znači “testisi” zbog dva gomolja iz kojih izbija uspravna stabljika

Kako je proljeće vrijeme cvatnje većine orhideja s vrhuncem u travnju i svibnju, pozivamo vas da tijekom boravka u prirodi obratite malo pažnju i pokušate opaziti, zabilježiti i fotografirati neke od njih. A za one koji imaju vrt, voćnjak ili livadu imamo i dodatan zadatak: pričekajte s košnjom barem do kraja svibnja i omogućite da orhideje, ali i druge vrste, proizvedu sjemenke te si na taj način osiguraju novu generaciju. Istodobno ćete osigurati i izvor hrane kukcima oprašivačima koji tako dobro surađuju s biljkama već stotinama tisuća godina, omogućujući i nama ljudima dobre urode različitog voća i povrća kojeg bez njih gotovo uopće ne bi bilo

© BIOM

Zahvaljujemo Udruzi BIOM na dopuštenju korištenja članka i slika

Nalazite se ovdje: Home Novosti iz prirode Orhideje trebaju njegu

Novosti: Ekologija.hr

  • Increased heat will supercharge extreme weather events, warns UN agency as Cop31 climate summit begins

    Heat is accumulating in Earth’s systems at an accelerating rate, the UN’s weather agency has reported as the Cop31 climate change summit begins in Turkey, with 2026 on track to be one of the four warmest years on record.

    The imbalance between incoming energy from the sun and energy leaving Earth reached its highest level since monitoring began, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said in its State of the Global Climate update.

    Continue reading...

  • Exclusive: Louise Haigh likely to weaken mandate for sales that forms key part of emission reduction plan

    Ministers are expected to make steep cuts to the government’s electric vehicle (EV) targets this week, in a move that will relieve carmakers but alarm many Labour MPs who are worried about the government’s commitment to the green agenda.

    Louise Haigh, the de facto deputy prime minister, will finalise the plan after a crunch meeting in Downing Street on Wednesday to settle a long-running dispute between the transport, energy and business departments.

    Continue reading...

  • Neso issues ‘electricity margin notice’ for gas power plants on Britain to fire up and boost generation this morning amid energy shortfall

    The government body tasked with keeping the lights on has issued a rare call for more electricity supplies this morning due to low wind power generation forecasts across Europe on Monday.

    A notice issued by the National Energy System Operator (Neso) on Sunday night said it faced a “shortfall” of almost 1,400 megawatts in its electricity supply margins from 6am until 11am on Monday.

    Continue reading...

  • Hexham, Northumberland: Revelations aplenty as we embark on a spider hunt with a man called Fran who knows his arachnids

    We gathered at the bandstand, an elegant Edwardian building in the abbey grounds, all slender ironwork and tented top. Fran Garcia was leading a spider walk and our group of 10 included two children, one of them my granddaughter. Fran is a member of the British Arachnological Society and communicates knowledge with lively humour.

    As an introduction to spiders he explained their anatomy and web building using a bizarre range of items: wire and ropes of varying thicknesses, a bottle of glue, a folding knife to demonstrate tarantula jaws. Then Fran passed around an egg sac from a wasp spider, Argiope bruennichi, a species found in southern England but moving north. Teardrop-shaped and papery, it was subtly marked in grey and beige to blend with grasses.

    Continue reading...

  • Ineos is driving exports with potentially far-reaching environmental and social repercussions

    “My children started getting sick,” says Lois Bower-Bjornson,a campaigner at the Clean Air Council in Washington County, Pennsylvania.

    “My oldest son had rashes all over his body. His ears, his eyelids, everywhere. My youngest had terrible nosebleeds, it was so bad that he became anaemic and would almost pass out. He would wake up bleeding.”

    Continue reading...

  • Delegates from more than 190 countries are gathering in Turkey for climate talks, but the US will be absent

    As the planet faces unprecedented human-caused global heating, heads of government are meeting for the next fortnight for the latest round of climate talks. We ask why it matters and what is likely to be achieved.

    Continue reading...

  • Naturalists divided over potential impact of proposals to increase number of wild raptors in England and Wales

    White-tailed eagles reintroduced into England and Wales imperil endangered seabird populations and risk wiping out some colonies, ecologists and conservationists are warning.

    Puffins, guillemots, razorbills, fulmars and kittiwakes are among the birds for which breeding populations could collapse if large numbers of white-tailed eagles are released, according to some academics and conservationists.

    Continue reading...

  • High-stakes talks involving 190 countries begin on Monday as world grapples with El Niño supercharged by fossil fuels

    The Cop31 summit must produce progress, “a tangible outcome... that people can see is real”, its host has said as scores of world leaders and representatives of close to 190 countries gather in Turkey for the UN climate talks.

    The high-stakes meeting begins on Monday, as countries around the world grapple with the strongest El Niño weather system on record, supercharged by fossil fuels, which is set to take hundreds of thousands of lives and cause damage costing trillions of dollars.

    Continue reading...

  • What are the relationships and dominant interests in play, as the summit kicks off after a bitter row over its hosting?

    Hosting Cop was a key pledge from Australia’s prime minister, Anthony Albanese in 2021, while in opposition, before his successful election campaign. But arcane rules meant the country had to wait its turn to bid and was then embroiled in an angry row with Turkey over the hosting. The final compromise put Australia in charge of the negotiations which will take place in the Turkish city of Antalya. The bitter taste left by the row lingers and Australia has seemed to some a rather half-hearted host. The country’s media has been much quieter on Cop than previous host countries, and although Albanese will speak at the opening of the leaders’ segment, he is unlikely to stay long.

    Continue reading...

  • Its key temperature goal has been missed but experts say the agreement is still proving a vital moral compass for progress

    It was a curious way of conducting negotiations. Ahead of the 2025 climate summit, in the Amazonian port of Belém last year, the Brazilian hosts had taken off the table the issue that most had assumed would be at its heart: concrete plans from each country laying out exactly what they would be doing to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.

    Brazil was insisting, instead, that these plans – the bedrock of the Paris agreement – were the business of national governments and not up for negotiation. “In that case, it will be a very short Cop,” one seasoned global south negotiator told the Guardian shortly before, reflecting a widespread unease. “There is nothing to negotiate.”

    Continue reading...

Novosti: Cybermed.hr

Novosti: Biologija.com